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2nd year > PHOTOSYNTHESIS PART 1 > Flashcards

PHOTOSYNTHESIS PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In photosynthesis, _____ assimilated to form
carbohydrate and oxygen

A

CO2

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2
Q

Chemical energy used to utilized in enzymatic reactions that convert
CO2 into organic molecule

A

NADPH and ATP

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3
Q

Formula of Oxidation of water

A

2H2O → 4 electrons + 4 protons + O2

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4
Q

How does Reduction of CO2 forms organic compounds

A

through the transfer of e- from donor to acceptor molecule

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5
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O ———–> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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6
Q

What is the equation of respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ———–> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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7
Q

Turning Chemical Energy into Fuel for Growth,
Development and Reproduction

A

Respiration

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8
Q

Since growth requires a net gain of energy – in
plants, photosynthetic energy gain must exceed
______________

A

respiratory energy loss

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9
Q

What is the photosynthetic tissue?

A

Messophyl

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10
Q

Drought-Stressed Plants Give off more
_________ Wavelengths

A

Infrared

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11
Q

Under carotenoids

A
  • Carotene ±
  • Xanthophyll ±
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12
Q

the pigment that initiates the
light dependent reactions of PS; bright green

A

Chlorophyll a

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13
Q

accessory pigment; yellow green
difference: methyl group (-CH3); carbonyl (-CHO)

A

Chlorophyll b

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14
Q
  • yellow and orange
  • expands the spectrum of light that provides
    energy
A

Carotenoids

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15
Q

electrons in pigment molecules
absorb photons of light energy, which results to what?

A

boosting electrons to a higher energy level

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16
Q

Carotenoid functions

A
  • Antenna pigments
  • Photoprotection *
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17
Q

the condition in which all its
electrons are in their normal, lowest-energy
levels (dissipates as heat or as an emission of
light of a longer wavelength than the absorbed
light, fluorescence)

A

Ground state

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18
Q

Reactions where
* Light energy is transferred to ATP and NADPH
* Water molecules are split, releasing O2

A

Light-dependent reactions

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19
Q

Reactions where
Energy in ATP and NADPH drives synthesis of
glucose and other carbohydrates from CO2 and
water

A

Light-independent reactions

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20
Q
  • include chlorophyll, accessory pigments
  • organized with pigment-binding proteins into
    antenna complexes
A

Photosystems

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21
Q
  • special pair of chlorophyll a molecules
  • release energized electrons to acceptor
A

Reaction center

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22
Q
  • reaction center for photosystem I
A
  • P700
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23
Q
  • reaction center for photosystem II
A
  • P680
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24
Q

Electrons lost from photosystem II are
replaced by what?

A

photolysis of water molecules,
which dissociate into hydrogen ions and
oxygen

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25
Q
  • Process by which light energy breaks down a
    molecule such as water
A
  • Photolysis
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26
Q
  • A light-driven reaction that attaches a
    phosphate group to a molecule
A

Photophosphorylation

27
Q
  • Electrons cycle within photosystem I
A

Cyclic photophosphorylation

28
Q
  • Electrons move from water to
    photosystem II, to photosystem I, to
    NADPH
A

Noncyclic photophosphorylation

29
Q

It is an example of how organisms harvest
energy from their environment

A

Energy Flow in
Photosynthesis

30
Q

first step in light-
dependent reactions

A
  • Entry of electrons from a photosystem into the electron transfer chain
31
Q
  • ATP forms in the _______
  • Electron energy is used to build up a ___________
    across the membrane
  • H+ flows through __________, which attaches a
    phosphate group to _____
A

-stroma
-H+ gradient
-ATP synthase
-ADP

32
Q

Electrons lost from a photosystem enter an
_____________________ in the thylakoid
membrane

A

electron transfer chain

33
Q

Organized arrays of enzymes, coenzymes, and
other proteins that accept and donate electrons
in a series

A

Electron transfer chains

34
Q

Outputs of Non-cyclic Electron Flow

A
  • ATP (non-cyclic photophosphorylation)
  • O2
  • NADPH
35
Q

It is synonymous to Photolysis of Water

A

(Hill reaction)

36
Q

PS I and II are _____segregated

A

spatially

37
Q

PS I and ATP synthase located exclusively in
the ______thylakoids and _________ of thylakoids (regions where the
membranes are not paired to form grana)

A

-stroma
-non-appressed
regions

38
Q

PS II is present only in _______ regions of
grana thylakoids

A

appressed

39
Q

uniformly
distributed throughout both regions

A

Cytochrome b6/f complex

40
Q
  • ETC 1 (P680)
  • Primary electron acceptor: _____________
  • via carriers : p_______________ – __________
    → ______________→ ____________ (PC)
A

-pheophytin (pheo)
-plastoquinone (PQ)
-H carrier
-cyt b/f complex
-plastocyanin

41
Q

ETC 2 (P700)
* Primary electron acceptor:____
*_______________→ NADPH

A

-A0
- Ferredoxin (Fd)

42
Q

The coenzyme NADPH forms in a
pathway that also releases
_______

A

oxygen

43
Q

Enzyme-mediated reactions that build sugars in
the stroma of chloroplasts

A

Calvin-Benson cycle

44
Q
  • Extraction of carbon atoms from
    inorganic sources (atmosphere) and
    incorporating them into an organic
    molecule
  • Builds glucose from ____
  • Uses bond energy of molecules
    formed in light-dependent reactions (ATP, NADPH)
A

-Carbon fixation
-CO2

45
Q

3 phases of carbon fixation

A
  • CO2 uptake phase
  • Carbon reduction phase
  • RuBP regeneration phase
46
Q
  • Enzyme rubisco
  • (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/
    oxygenase)
  • combines CO2 with ribulose
    bisphosphate (RuBP), a five-carbon
    sugar
  • forms 3-carbon phosphoglycerate
    (PGA)
A

CO2 Uptake
Phase

47
Q

what does For each 6 CO2 fixed

A
  • 12 G3P are produced
  • 2 G3P leave cycle to produce 1
    glucose
48
Q
  • Remaining G3P molecules are modified to
    regenerate RuBP
A

RuBP
Regeneration
Phase

49
Q

dissipate excess ATP and
reducing power under conditions
of high light intensity, thus
preventing damage to chloroplast

A

Photorespiration

50
Q

Cells under photorespiration

A

Chloroplasts, Peroxisome, Mitochondrion

51
Q
  • Rubisco acting as an oxygenase, catalyzes
    the reaction of RuBP and O2 forming
    phosphoglycolate (2-C compound) in
    addition to PGA in the chloroplast
  • Phosphoglycolate is rapidly converted to
    _________
  • PR is a light-induced respiration occurring in
    green tissues as a response to ______________________
A

-glycolate
-low CO2/O2
ratio

52
Q

_____________: RuBP is oxygenated to form
phosphoglycolate → glycolate

A

Chloroplast

53
Q

_____________:glycolate is oxidized /converted
to glycine

A

Peroxisome:

54
Q

_________: glycine (2 molecules)
metabolized into serine (releasing ammonia
and CO2)

A

Mitochondria

55
Q
  • occurs more at high temperature and high
    irradiance due to:
  • the substrate specificity of rubisco shifts in favor
    of O2 as temperature increases;
  • leaf of CO2 concentration becomes very low at
    high irradiance largely due to rapid
    photosynthesis; the low [CO2] favors
    oxygenation
A

Photorespiration

56
Q
  • Internal cellular recycling of 3 gases: CO2, O2 and NH3
  • Glycolate synthesis in the leaf can decrease toxic levels of oxygen
  • Physiological defense against high irradiance and thermal load (dissipation
    of excess photochemical energy)
  • Contribution to cell amino acid pool (Gly; Ser)
  • Response to niche diversificaiton scheme
A

Importance of Photorespiration

57
Q

Examples of C3:

A

rice, tobacco, soybean

58
Q

C3 is about Each turn of the cycle: fix one molecule of
CO2; input: ____________- and ______________; product:
G3P/Triose phosphate (TP)
* 1 TP = _____________ : 6 CO2 = _____________

A

-3 ATP and 2 NADPH
-3 turns (3 CO2)
-hexose

59
Q

C4 or __________________
examples:______________________
* Substrate: __________ instead of CO2
* First Stable Product: ___________________

A

-Hatch-Slack Pathway
-corn; sugarcane
-HCO3
-4-C oxaloacetate

60
Q
  • It reduces photorespiration and water loss
A

C4 or Hatch-Slack Pathway

61
Q

____________________ (CAM)
* similar to C4 pathway
* PEP carboxylase fixes carbon at night
* in _______________ cells
* Calvin cycle occurs during the day
* Examples: ________________________

A

-Crassulacean acid metabolism
-mesophyll
-succulents, cactus, pineapple

62
Q
  • main form of translocatable carbohydrates in
    plants
  • synthesized outside the chloroplast —cytosol
A
  • Sucrose
63
Q
  • synthesized in chloroplast stroma where it is
    built up during the day and used as energy
    source at night
  • produced and stored in amyloplast
A
  • Starch
64
Q

Factors Affecting
Photosynthesis

A

Light

CO2 availability

Temperature

Water

Nutrients

Leaf Age

Carbohydrate translocation

2nd year (13 decks)

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