3rd EXAM Flashcards
- All forms of legislations and regulation preventing entry, establishment
and spread of a pest organism - Control of pest organism through legal or regulatory actions
Regulatory Control (Legislative/Legal)
specific technique to reduce the population or the
effect or damage of the pest on the crop. Conventionally, they are
grouped based on the form of the control agent or the manner by
which the agent of control is used.
pest control methods or pest control tactics
specific technique to reduce the population or the
effect or damage of the pest on the crop. Conventionally, they are
grouped based on the form of the control agent or the manner by
which the agent of control is used.
pest control methods or pest control tactics
pest present in the area
Regulated non-quarantine pests
Type of Quarantine Laws
- International Quarantine
* FAO-IPPC on SPS Agreement - Domestic Quarantine Laws
a. Congress
b. Department of Agriculture
c. Local Government Issuance
3 stages of PRA
Stage 1 – Initiation
Stage 2 – Pest categorization & risk assessment
Stage 3 – Risk management
Regulatory Control of Non-Quarantine Pests
Eradication Program, Containment Program, Suppression Program
Refers to the control of plant pests by living organisms under natural or artificial circumstances
Biological Control (Biocon)
is the sum of all mortality factors (biotic and abiotic) without intervention of man
Natural control
is the deliberate manipulation (conservation included) of natural enemies to control pests
Biological control
naturally-occurring population
Natural enemy
mass-produced population and released to the environment
Biocon agent
- Involves tactics that cause the pest to contribute to the destruction of its
own population - Ingenious, highly publicized technique
Autocidal Control
Decreasing the ecological fitness of a pest species by introducing
lethal genes in the population
Genetic Control
reduction of pest population
- Chemical attractants
- Repellents
Behavioral Control
Chemicals that cause insects to make oriented movement away from its source
Repellents
Ability of the plant to withstand or overcome the attack of pests resulting to lesser damage or effects on yield (quantity and quality)
Host Plant Resistance (HPR)
Deters pest before colonization
Antixenosis
-Toxic metabolites, absence or imbalance of essential nutrients
- Inhibitory enzymes
Antibiosis
-Toxic metabolites, absence or imbalance of essential nutrients
- Inhibitory enzymes
Antibiosis
-Toxic metabolites, absence or imbalance of essential nutrients
- Inhibitory enzymes
Antibiosis
-Toxic metabolites, absence or imbalance of essential nutrients
- Inhibitory enzymes
Antibiosis
- Pest develops and causes injury but with little to no damage in yield
- Ability to grow and produce high yield even at higher insect infestations
- Damage is compensated by increasing growth (e.g. more tillers, bigger fruits, etc.)
Tolerance
- Refers to plant immunity to pathogens
- “Total resistance”
- Applicable to plant pathogens
- Pathogen cannot cause disease even under favorable conditions for the development of the pathogen
Immunity
A factor in plant disease resistance, but not a known factor in insect resistance
Cytoplasmic
- Suppression of plant pests using cultural practices
- Cultural practices are those operations that are normally undertaken to grow a crop
Cultural Control
Cultural practices of major economic crops
- Tillage (Plowing/Disking)
- Burning
- Destruction of crop residue
- Pruning
- Crop free period (fallow)
- Synchronous planting
- Flooding
- Drying and ageing of seeds
- Harvesting time
- Tissue culture
- Crop rotation
- Mixed/multiple cropping
- Decoy and trap crops
- Crop nutrition
- Water management
Direct or indirect measures taken to destroy pests using physical and
mechanical forces
Physical & Mechanical Control
unit of measurement of toxicity
amount (volume or weight) of the toxicant per body weight of organism (example: microgram/kg)
the theoretical yield of parent acid from the active ingredient content of a formulation
Acid equivalent
general term referring to substances added during formulation or during mixing into spray tank to improve the
performance of the pesticide.
Adjuvant
a gas, liquid or solid substances used to dilute, propel or suspend an AI during application. Diluent - any gas, liquid or
solid material used to reduce the concentration of an AI in a formulation.
Carrier
material used to counteract the chemical characteristics of the AI which may normally cause phytotoxic effects.
Safener
surface-active agents or coupling agents. It favors or improves the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, wetting or other surface modifying properties of liquids.
Surfactant
material which keep particles away from each other to prevent flocculation and to assure dispersion and to regard settling of a solid within a liquid.
Deflocculating agent
a surfactant that promotes the suspension of one liquid in another.
Emulsifying agent
surfactant that cause foaming
Foaming agent
facilitate spreading over a surface so that the area covered is increasingly greater.
Spreader
increases adhesion to substrates; adhesive material increases the tenacity of substances
Sticker
physical form of pesticide in the market is called _________ also referred to as formulation.
formulated product (FP)
- refers to the number of parts by weight or volume of a constituent in 100 parts of the final mixture by weight or volume.
percent concentration
refers to the number of parts by weight or volume of a constituent in 1 million parts of the final mixture by weight or volume.
parts per million (ppm)
renders the FP easy to measure, mix, safer for users, and at the same time makes the AI effective by increasing penetration and selectivity.
inert ingredient(s)
surfactant to reduce
interfacial tensions and
causes spray solutions or
suspensions to make
better contact with created
surfaces.
Wetting agent
the
pesticide as it is first
manufactured by the
company before
formulation; it is almost
pure.
Technical material
poison; the
chemical in a pesticide
formulation that can injure
or kill the pest as well as
human beings, animals or
plants.
Toxicant
need to be mixed with water
Sprayable formulations
Under solid forms,
AI is not water soluble, and coated
with negative charge dispersant
Wettable Powder (WP)
Under solid forms, basically aggregated WP that
disintegrates in water
Water Dispersible Granules
(WDG) or Dry Flowable (DF)
Under solid forms, AI is water soluble
Water-Soluble Powder (SP/WSP)
Under Liquid Forms, AI is dissolved in an appropriate oil-based solvent to which an emulsifying agent is added
Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
Under Liquid Forms,basically a wettable powder pre-mixed with a liquid inert before packaging.
Suspendable Concentrates (SC) / Liquid Flowables (LF) / Liquids (L)
Under Liquid Forms, Can be applied directly but it is costly so can be dissolved in lowcost solvent (kerosene or fuel oil)
Solution (S)
Under Liquid Forms, are formulations designed to be applied at very low
volumes per hectare. Volumes of about 4 liters/ha or lower can be applied using a ULV applicator
ULV concentrates
solid fine particle formulations usually contain 4 to 10 percent active ingredient. Some pesticides are seldom formulated as dusts due to drift problems.
Dust (D)
AI is combined with inert ingredients and/or carriers (clay or any suitable material) formed into particles about the size of coarse sugar or pellets. It is released by moisture to be taken up by the plant roots. Pellets are very similar to granules.
Granule (G)
solid or liquid; Contains a small amount of dry active ingredient mixed with food or some other attractant
Bait
A.i is dissolved in a volatile, petroleum solvent, or suspended in a container under pressure. Deliver the A.i. to the target site in the form of mist of small particles.
Aerosol
AI and diluent are ground to near colloidal dimensions, suspended in a small amount of liquid.
Flowables
Pesticides that form poisonous gases when applied; can be released under high pressure, high humidity or water vapor. Deliver the A.I. to the target site in the form of a gas.
Fumigant
pesticide is stays where applied on the plant
Contact
pesticide moves in a short distance from the surface into the
tissue
Systemic (translaminar)
pesticide moves into the vascular system and is distributed to
various parts of the plant; may be found even in emerging leaves
Systemic (acropetal)
biochemical activity of the active ingredient at the target
site of action of a pesticide
Mode of action or MOA
the tissue or organ where the biochemical reaction takes place
Target site of action
an agency under the Department of Agriculture (DA), is the one mandated to regulate the importation, exportation, manufacture, formulation, repacking, distribution, delivery, sale, transport, storage and use of any pesticide and other agricultural chemicals.
Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA)
makes polices and laws on product registration, license pesticide handlers, promote product stewardship, and harmonize labelling with international standards.
Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA)
pesticide products that are organic in nature
Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standard (BAFS)
a leakproof storage of the spray material; holds the liquid
Tank
develops the pressure which forces the liquid materials out of the tank
Pump
maintains pressure at the desired level.
Pressure regulator
indicates pressure and at the same time tells if the other parts of the sprayer are functioning properly.
Pressure gauge
distributes the spray solution to nozzles
Boom
breaks the liquid into spray droplets
Nozzle
keeps the larger particles from going to the pump or prevents foreign matter or dirt from clogging the nozzles
Strainer/filter
useful for spot and small area spraying. They are simple to operate. The essential parts are: spray tank, plunger-type pump, dip tube, spray hose, extension spray tube (lance), cut-off valve and nozzle. The tank usually has a capacity between 7.5 to 15 liters and can withstand pressure up to 50 lbs. per square inch.
Compressed air sprayers
sprayer is mounted on the tractors. The system place a limit of about 100 gallons on the tank capacity. When larger capacities are required, the machine is trailed or saddle
tank is mounted on either side of the tractor.
Tractor-power sprayer
usually done to ensure that the correct volume of diluted
pesticide is evenly applied to the area to be treated
Calibration
Nozzle type and spray pattern that gives flat pattern
Fan type
gives circular pattern
- Cone type
