ABE 1 Weather and Climate QUIZ Flashcards
when the sun is farthest from the earth (occurs about July 4)
Aphelion
when the sun is nearest from the earth (occurs about January 3)
Perihelion
the sun passes directly over the equator or when the sun’s apparent path and plane of the earth’s equator coincide
Equinox
when the sun’s apparent path is displaced farthest north (Tropic of Cancer) or south (Tropic of Capricorn) from the earth’s equator
Solstice
percent of the incoming solar radiation that is reflected from a surface
Albedo
often used as the solar constant
◼ 1374 W/m2
rate at which solar radiation reaches the upper
limits of earth atmosphere on a surface normal
to the incident radiation and at earth’s mean
distance from the sun
Solar output (solar constant)
Radiation wavelengths
are usually given in micrometers (μm) or nanometers (nm) wherein 1 μm = 10-6 m
an envelope of air and suspended liquids and
solids surrounding the earth and bound to it
more or less permanently by virtue of earth’s
gravitational attraction (conventional limit =
1000 km MSL)
EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
(between equator and poles)
HORIZONTAL temperature gradient (between
(between earth’s surface and
tropopause)
VERTICAL temperature gradient
a measure of the average kinetic energy
of the individual atoms or molecules; measure of the
degree of hotness or coldness of the object
◼ TEMPERATURE
amount of heat required to change the
temperature of 1 g of the substance by 1°C
SPECIFIC HEAT
heat always flows from areas of higher temp toward areas of lower temp
TRANSPORT OF HEAT (according to the principles of
thermodynamics) -
occurs within a substance or between substances that are in direct physical contact
CONDUCTION
- transport of heat within a fluid (or gas) via motions of the fluid (or gas) itself
CONVECTION
does not require an intervening physical
medium and can take place in a vacuum
RADIATION
- the weight per unit area of the column of air above that location
AIR PRESSURE
How to eliminate the pressure gradient
the wind blows away
from regions where air pressure is high and towards regions where air pressure is relatively low
- air descends and diverges at the earth’s surface
DIVERGENCE
air converges at the earth’s surface and ascends
CONVERGENCE
rate of change in temperature observed while moving upward through the Earth’s atmosphere
LAPSE RATE
average lapse rate of temperature
6 °C/km
Dry adiabatic lapse rate
9.8 or 10 °C/km
Wet adiabatic lapse rate
5 - 9 °C/km
-NO upwelling of cold,
nutrient- rich water
-temp higher by about 4 C
With associated changes in
wind and rainfall patterns
EL NIÑO CONDITION
Basic weather elements and
weather patterns (including
Philippine climate)
◼ Topography and location
◼ Trade winds
◼ Fronts
◼ ITCZ
◼ Easterly waves
◼ Monsoon winds
◼ Tropical cyclones
the condition of the
atmosphere at any particular time and
place
WEATHER
the “average weather” of a
particular region; represents the accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of
time
CLIMATE
GENERAL RULES ON WEATHER
Weather becomes stormy when air pressure fall and becomes fair when air pressure rise
Climatic Classification
◼ Koppen System (worldwide)
◼ Corona’s Classification (Phils)
◼ Hernandez Classification (Phils)
◼ The Corona’s Classification
TYPE 1.
TYPE 2.
TYPE 3.
TYPE 4.
Two pronounced wet and dry seasons: wet during the months of
une to November and dry from December to May.
TYPE 1.
Two pronounced wet and dry seasons: wet during the months of
une to November and dry from December to May.
No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period in December, January and February.
TYPE 2.
No pronounced max rain period and short dry season lasting from one to three months.
TYPE 3.
Uniformly distributed
rainfall.
TYPE 4.
CLIMATIC CONTROLS
FOR PHILIPPINE CLIMATE
◼ Topography and location
◼ Trade winds
◼ Fronts
◼ ITCZ
◼ Easterly waves
◼ Monsoon winds
◼ Tropical cyclones
Composition of the total Philippine rainfall
SOURCE OF RAIN % DISTRIBUTION
Tropical cyclone 47
ITCZ, easterly waves 39
Southwest monsoon 7
Northeast monsoon 7
◼ effect can be felt over as far as 500 km from
the eye
◼ number of tropical cyclones that enter PAR
(based from 1948-2000 data)
average - 20 per year
minimum - 11 per year (1998) – El Niño
maximum - 32 per year (1993) – La Niña
◼ generally affect the Philippines from June to
December (although the rest of the year is
not entirely free from cyclones)
Tropical Cyclones
