Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
what do all organisms use energy for?
A
to carry out life functions
2
Q
autotrophs
A
organisms that obtain energy from sunlight
3
Q
why do most autotrophs use photosynthesis for?
A
to create the energy they need
4
Q
heterotrophs
A
organisms that need to ingest other organisms to obtain the energy they need
5
Q
photosynthesis
A
process of making sugar from CO2, Sunlight, and H2O
6
Q
what is the equation of photosynthesis?
A
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
7
Q
what does the photosynthesis equation translate to?
A
carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose + oxygen
8
Q
what organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
A
chloroplast
9
Q
thylakoid
A
flat sac that holds the light-capturing pigment
10
Q
chlorophyll
A
light-capturing pigment; makes plants green
11
Q
why are plants green?
A
they reflect green light and absorb all of the other colors
12
Q
what affects the mass of plants?
A
the carbon dioxide intake
13
Q
what do chloroplasts have two of?
A
membranes (inner and outer)
14
Q
lamella
A
connect the thylakoids of two different granum
15
Q
stroma
A
liquid in the chloroplast that surrounds the granum
16
Q
thylakoids
A
flattened sacs when in stacks make granum; where light reaction takes place
17
Q
pigments; where are they located?
A
compounds that absorb light; thylakoid membrane
18
Q
lumen
A
space between the thylakoid discs; glows
19
Q
what does chlorophyll a capture?
A
- reds
- purples
- oranges
20
Q
what does chlorophyll b capture?
A
- blues
- reds
21
Q
what do carotenoids capture?
A
- light blue
- some aqua
22
Q
photosystems
A
clusters of pigments in the thylakoid membrane
23
Q
where does the light reaction occur?
A
thylakoid membrane
24
Q
what does the light reaction use and what does it produce?
A
light energy; ATP & NADPH
25
what is true about the products of the light reaction?
they are energy-carrying molecules
26
where do the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reaction go?
into the calvin cycle
27
where does the calvin cycle occur?
stroma
28
what does the calvin cycle produce?
NADP+ & ADP, Glucose
29
what does H2O become at the end of the light reaction?
O2
30
what is the light reaction equation?
H2O + ADP + NADP → ATP, NADPH, O2
31
describe the process that occurs in photosystem 2.
captures sunlight and uses it to split water -> releases the O2 and keeps the hydrogen ions
32
where do the now high energy electrons go after photosystem 2?
the etc (electron transport chain)
33
describe the process that occurs in photosystem 1.
more sunlight is captured and the electrons are re-energized, they go to the second ETC where NADP + H = NADPH
34
what is true about the creation of ATP?
it's an important biological function in most organisms
35
where/how is ATP made?
in the light reaction through chemiosmosis
36
what does active transport create?
concentration gradient of proteins across the thylakoid membrane
37
where do all protons flow through?
ATP synthase
38
what occurs in ATP synthase?
protons are added to ADP to make ATP (synthesizing ATP)
39
what are two other names for the calvin cycle?
- dark reaction
- light independent reaction
40
what occurs in the calvin cycle?
CO2 is taken in and the energy molecules ATP and NADPH are used to fix the carbon molecule and make glucose
41
what happens to some of the carbon atoms?
they're recycled back into the calvin cycle
42
stomata
on the bottom of leaves where gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion
43
what gases are exchanged in the stomata?
CO2 goes in and H2O & O2 go out
44
guard cells
specialized cells within the stomata that open during photosynthesis and close when photosynthesis isn't happening
45
what are guard cells responsive to?
presence of water
46
describe C3 plants.
- "normal plants"
- photosynthesis during the day
- thylakoids on leaves
- stomata open during the day
47
describe CAM plants.
- hot dry climates (ex. desert)
- photosynthesis at night
- no leaves (think cactus)
- thylakoids on plant body
- stomata open at night
48
describe C4 plants.
- stomata closed during hottest part of the day
- add extra step to calvin cycle because they fix carbon before it enters
49
more light =
more photosynthesis (until leveled off)
50
more CO2 =
more photosynthesis (until leveled off)
51
warmer temperatures =
more photosynthesis (until warmer temperatures = less photosynthesis)
52
what is cellular respiration?
process of making ATP by breaking down glucose
53
what is the cellular respiration equation?
C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
54
what does the cellular respiration equation translate to?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
55
what needs to be present for cellular respiration to occur?
O2
56
what is the first step of cellular respiration?
glycolysis
57
what occurs in glycolysis?
- glucose is split into pyruvic acid (some potential energy is released)
- small amount of ATP and NADH produced
58
what is the net gain of glycolysis? is it efficient?
2 ATP. takes 2 to start, produces 4 (2% gain, not efficient)
59
what is the second step of cellular respiration?
aerobic respiration
60
what occurs in aerobic respiration?
- if O2 present, pyruvic is broken down and NADH is used to make a lot of ATP through aerobic respiration
61
what happens if there is no O2 present for aerobic respiration?
cell goes through fermentation.
62
describe fermentation.
- no ATP produced
- recycles NAD+ back to glycolysis (where 2ATP can be gained)
63
what are the two types of fermentation?
lactic acid fermentation & alcoholic fermentation
64
lactic acid fermentation
in animal’s muscle cells and in some bacteria
65
alcoholic fermentation
in fungi (yeast), CO2 and ethanol are made
66
what are two things mitochondria have?
double membrane (inner and outer) & their own DNA
67
matrix (mitochondrial matrix)
inner space inside the mitochondria (where Krebs Cycle occurs)
68
cristae
folding of the inner membrane (where ETC is located)
69
what two stages is aerobic respiration broken into?
kreb's cycle & electron transport chain (ETC)
70
what enters the matrix? what is formed and released?
pyruvic acid enters, acetyl CoA (A. CoA) is formed, CO2 is released (why we breathe out CO2)
71
what does the kreb's cycle break down? what, in turn, is produced?
A. CoA; CO2, NADH, FADH2 (high energy molecules)
72
what is this process (kreb's cycle) sometimes called? why?
citric acid cycle; first molecule that CoA changes to is citric acid
73
what is the purpose of the kreb's cycle?
create NADH and FADH2 to power the ETC; 2ATP are made as a bonus
74
how many times does the kreb's cycle run? why?
for one glucose molecule, it runs twice because two pyruvate molecules are formed from one glucose molecule in glycolysis
75
what is ETC linked with?
chemiosmosis
76
what is the ETC?
series of molecules in a membrane that transfers electrons from one molecule to another ending with a final enzyme called ATP synthase
77
what is the function of the ETC?
removed H from NADH and FADH2, turning them back to NAD and FAD
78
what happens to the hydrogen ions after they are stripped from their parental molecules?
they are pumped out of the matrix (active transport)
79
where do the hydrogen ions flow through? what happens?
ATP synthase; added to ADP to make ATP
80
what happens after the hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase?
they bond with O2 and form H2O
81
why do we need to breathe?
so O2 can bond with hydrogen in the ETC
82
what is O2 known as?
the final electron acceptor
83
how much ATP is made in this process? (ETC)
32 ATP
84
how much more efficient is this process (ETC) compared to glycolysis?
glycolysis = 2% efficiency, etc = 39% efficiency
85
what is the aerobic respiration equation excluding the recycled molecules (NAD and FAD)?
pyruvic Acid + O2 → H2O & ATP + CO2
86
what is oxygen debt?
when someone uses oxygen at a faster rate than it can be replaced
87
what can oxygen debt lead to?
a deficit in oxygen which causes increased respiration as the body attempts to replace the used oxygen
88
when does oxygen debt occur?
when people exercise which is why people breathe heavily after exercising
89
what is muscle fatigue?
when your muscles have run out of NAD+ and can no longer contract
90
how many minutes worth of glucose can your body store?
6 minutes
91
how many minutes worth of glycogen can your body store?
14 minutes
92
how much ATP does each glucose molecule yield?
36 ATP
93
what happens after 20 minutes of an elevated heart rate?
your body will start to metabolize fats (lipids) into 9 pyruvic acids
94
why would a cell go through aerobic respiration?
fermentation doesn't produce any ATP
95
why would a cell go through fermentation?
it recycles NAD+ to glycolysis
96
where does the kreb's' cycle occur?
matrix
97
what is the intermediate molecule between pyruvic acid and citric acid?
acetyl CoA
98
why do animals need O2?
to bond with hydrogen ions and make H2O in the ETC
99
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
100
where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
101
what are the main products of glycolysis?
pyruvate/pyruvic acid & NADH
102
does glycolysis produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?
no byproducts
103
is the kreb's cycle aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
104
what is the net gain of ATP in the kreb's cycle?
2 ATP
105
what are the main products of the kreb's cycle?
NADH & FADH2
106
does the kreb's cycle produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?
yes, CO2
107
is the ETC an aerobic or an anaerobic process?
aerobic
108
what is the net gain of ATP in the etc?
32 ATP
109
where is the ETC located?
cristae
110
what is the main product of the ETC?
ATP
111
does the ETC produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?
yes, H2O
112
is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic process?
anaerobic
113
what is the net gain of ATP in fermentation?
0 ATP
114
where does fermentation occur?
cytoplasm
115
what the main products of fermentation?
NAD+
116
does fermentation produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?
yes, lactic acid, ethanol, & CO2
117
after the glucose in your body runs out, what do you use? (regarding O2 debt)
glycogen
118
what causes your muscles to burn? (regardidng O2 debt)
the lactic acid and lack of NAD+
119
why does it feel like you get an energy boost after some physical activity?
you starting burning fats
120
what is the purpose of the light reaction?
make ATP and NADPH using sunlight and water
121
what is the purpose of the calvin cycle?
make glucose by using ATP and NADPH to modify carbon dioxide
122
what macromolecule makes up all membranes including the cristae and thylakoid membrane?
lipids
123
what elements make up carbohydrates?
CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
124
what elements make up lipids?
CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
125
what elements make up proteins?
CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
126
what elements make up nucleic acids?
CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus)
127
waxes are lipids that cover most leaves of the plant. why have plants evolved to have lipids on their leaves?
lipids are hydrophobic and they keep the plant from losing water. they also help the plant not to absorb all of the water when it rains.
128
what is the function of enzymes?
allow for chemical reactions to occur by lowering the activation energy. act as catalysts and change substances without changing themselves.
129
why are enzymes important to photosynthesis and cell respiration?
they help the processes to occur faster and more efficiently.
130
what three letters do most enzymes end in?
"ase"
131
what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of carbohydrates?
monomer: monosaccharides
polymer: polysaccharides
132
what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of lipids?
monomer: fatty acids
polymers: triglycerides, phospholipids
133
what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of proteins?
monomer: amino acids
polymer: polypeptide
134
what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of nucleic acids?
monomer: nucleotide
polymers: DNA, RNA
135
how does pH affect photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
if the pH goes too far or below the optimum pH for enzymes, the enzymes in photosynthesis/cellular respiration will denature
136
describe a prokaryotic cell.
- lack membrane-bound organelles
- smaller
- no nucleus
- single-celled
137
describe a eukaryotic cell.
- membrane-bound organelles
- larger nucleus
138
what organelles do prokaryotic cells have?
- ribosomes
- DNA, membrane
- cytoplasm
139
are prokaryotic cells photosynthetic? none, some, all?
some.
140
do prokaryotic cells perform cell respiration? fermentation?
they can perform both.
141
what is the cellular respiration formula?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
142
what is the photosynthesis formula?
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
143
how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration linked?
the reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis and vice versa.
144
how are animal and plant cells different?
plant cells: cell walls, a large central vacuole, and chloroplast
animal cells: centrioles and cytoskeletons
145
how many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
2 ATP
146
how many ATP are produced in the kreb's cycle?
2 ATP
147
how many ATP are produced in ETC?
32 ATP
148
what is the function of light in photosynthesis?
it is used to split water and energize hydrogen ions
149
why does a plant need CO2 in photosynthesis?
it needs to convert the elements in CO2 as well as H2O into O2 and glucose
150
why does an animal release CO2 in cellular respiration?
in the kreb's cycle, pyruvic acid enters the matrix and forms acetyl CoA (ACoA) and it releases CO2
151
what is the purpose of O2 in the ETC?
bond with the Hydrogen ions to form H2O, which is released. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor.
152
what is the purpose of fermentation?
produce NAD+ which is recycled back to glycolysis, where it can produce 2 ATP
