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Biology I > Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what do all organisms use energy for?

A

to carry out life functions

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that obtain energy from sunlight

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3
Q

why do most autotrophs use photosynthesis for?

A

to create the energy they need

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4
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that need to ingest other organisms to obtain the energy they need

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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

process of making sugar from CO2, Sunlight, and H2O

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6
Q

what is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

what does the photosynthesis equation translate to?

A

carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose + oxygen

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8
Q

what organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

A

chloroplast

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9
Q

thylakoid

A

flat sac that holds the light-capturing pigment

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10
Q

chlorophyll

A

light-capturing pigment; makes plants green

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11
Q

why are plants green?

A

they reflect green light and absorb all of the other colors

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12
Q

what affects the mass of plants?

A

the carbon dioxide intake

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13
Q

what do chloroplasts have two of?

A

membranes (inner and outer)

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14
Q

lamella

A

connect the thylakoids of two different granum

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15
Q

stroma

A

liquid in the chloroplast that surrounds the granum

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16
Q

thylakoids

A

flattened sacs when in stacks make granum; where light reaction takes place

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17
Q

pigments; where are they located?

A

compounds that absorb light; thylakoid membrane

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18
Q

lumen

A

space between the thylakoid discs; glows

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19
Q

what does chlorophyll a capture?

A
  • reds
  • purples
  • oranges
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20
Q

what does chlorophyll b capture?

A
  • blues
  • reds
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21
Q

what do carotenoids capture?

A
  • light blue
  • some aqua
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22
Q

photosystems

A

clusters of pigments in the thylakoid membrane

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23
Q

where does the light reaction occur?

A

thylakoid membrane

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24
Q

what does the light reaction use and what does it produce?

A

light energy; ATP & NADPH

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25
Q

what is true about the products of the light reaction?

A

they are energy-carrying molecules

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26
Q

where do the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reaction go?

A

into the calvin cycle

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27
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

stroma

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28
Q

what does the calvin cycle produce?

A

NADP+ & ADP, Glucose

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29
Q

what does H2O become at the end of the light reaction?

A

O2

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30
Q

what is the light reaction equation?

A

H2O + ADP + NADP → ATP, NADPH, O2

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31
Q

describe the process that occurs in photosystem 2.

A

captures sunlight and uses it to split water -> releases the O2 and keeps the hydrogen ions

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32
Q

where do the now high energy electrons go after photosystem 2?

A

the etc (electron transport chain)

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33
Q

describe the process that occurs in photosystem 1.

A

more sunlight is captured and the electrons are re-energized, they go to the second ETC where NADP + H = NADPH

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34
Q

what is true about the creation of ATP?

A

it’s an important biological function in most organisms

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35
Q

where/how is ATP made?

A

in the light reaction through chemiosmosis

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36
Q

what does active transport create?

A

concentration gradient of proteins across the thylakoid membrane

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37
Q

where do all protons flow through?

A

ATP synthase

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38
Q

what occurs in ATP synthase?

A

protons are added to ADP to make ATP (synthesizing ATP)

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39
Q

what are two other names for the calvin cycle?

A
  • dark reaction
  • light independent reaction
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40
Q

what occurs in the calvin cycle?

A

CO2 is taken in and the energy molecules ATP and NADPH are used to fix the carbon molecule and make glucose

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41
Q

what happens to some of the carbon atoms?

A

they’re recycled back into the calvin cycle

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42
Q

stomata

A

on the bottom of leaves where gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion

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43
Q

what gases are exchanged in the stomata?

A

CO2 goes in and H2O & O2 go out

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44
Q

guard cells

A

specialized cells within the stomata that open during photosynthesis and close when photosynthesis isn’t happening

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45
Q

what are guard cells responsive to?

A

presence of water

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46
Q

describe C3 plants.

A
  • “normal plants”
  • photosynthesis during the day
  • thylakoids on leaves
  • stomata open during the day
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47
Q

describe CAM plants.

A
  • hot dry climates (ex. desert)
  • photosynthesis at night
  • no leaves (think cactus)
  • thylakoids on plant body
  • stomata open at night
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48
Q

describe C4 plants.

A
  • stomata closed during hottest part of the day
  • add extra step to calvin cycle because they fix carbon before it enters
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49
Q

more light =

A

more photosynthesis (until leveled off)

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50
Q

more CO2 =

A

more photosynthesis (until leveled off)

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51
Q

warmer temperatures =

A

more photosynthesis (until warmer temperatures = less photosynthesis)

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52
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

process of making ATP by breaking down glucose

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53
Q

what is the cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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54
Q

what does the cellular respiration equation translate to?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

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55
Q

what needs to be present for cellular respiration to occur?

A

O2

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56
Q

what is the first step of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis

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57
Q

what occurs in glycolysis?

A
  • glucose is split into pyruvic acid (some potential energy is released)
  • small amount of ATP and NADH produced
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58
Q

what is the net gain of glycolysis? is it efficient?

A

2 ATP. takes 2 to start, produces 4 (2% gain, not efficient)

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59
Q

what is the second step of cellular respiration?

A

aerobic respiration

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60
Q

what occurs in aerobic respiration?

A
  • if O2 present, pyruvic is broken down and NADH is used to make a lot of ATP through aerobic respiration
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61
Q

what happens if there is no O2 present for aerobic respiration?

A

cell goes through fermentation.

62
Q

describe fermentation.

A
  • no ATP produced
  • recycles NAD+ back to glycolysis (where 2ATP can be gained)
63
Q

what are the two types of fermentation?

A

lactic acid fermentation & alcoholic fermentation

64
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

in animal’s muscle cells and in some bacteria

65
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

in fungi (yeast), CO2 and ethanol are made

66
Q

what are two things mitochondria have?

A

double membrane (inner and outer) & their own DNA

67
Q

matrix (mitochondrial matrix)

A

inner space inside the mitochondria (where Krebs Cycle occurs)

68
Q

cristae

A

folding of the inner membrane (where ETC is located)

69
Q

what two stages is aerobic respiration broken into?

A

kreb’s cycle & electron transport chain (ETC)

70
Q

what enters the matrix? what is formed and released?

A

pyruvic acid enters, acetyl CoA (A. CoA) is formed, CO2 is released (why we breathe out CO2)

71
Q

what does the kreb’s cycle break down? what, in turn, is produced?

A

A. CoA; CO2, NADH, FADH2 (high energy molecules)

72
Q

what is this process (kreb’s cycle) sometimes called? why?

A

citric acid cycle; first molecule that CoA changes to is citric acid

73
Q

what is the purpose of the kreb’s cycle?

A

create NADH and FADH2 to power the ETC; 2ATP are made as a bonus

74
Q

how many times does the kreb’s cycle run? why?

A

for one glucose molecule, it runs twice because two pyruvate molecules are formed from one glucose molecule in glycolysis

75
Q

what is ETC linked with?

A

chemiosmosis

76
Q

what is the ETC?

A

series of molecules in a membrane that transfers electrons from one molecule to another ending with a final enzyme called ATP synthase

77
Q

what is the function of the ETC?

A

removed H from NADH and FADH2, turning them back to NAD and FAD

78
Q

what happens to the hydrogen ions after they are stripped from their parental molecules?

A

they are pumped out of the matrix (active transport)

79
Q

where do the hydrogen ions flow through? what happens?

A

ATP synthase; added to ADP to make ATP

80
Q

what happens after the hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase?

A

they bond with O2 and form H2O

81
Q

why do we need to breathe?

A

so O2 can bond with hydrogen in the ETC

82
Q

what is O2 known as?

A

the final electron acceptor

83
Q

how much ATP is made in this process? (ETC)

A

32 ATP

84
Q

how much more efficient is this process (ETC) compared to glycolysis?

A

glycolysis = 2% efficiency, etc = 39% efficiency

85
Q

what is the aerobic respiration equation excluding the recycled molecules (NAD and FAD)?

A

pyruvic Acid + O2 → H2O & ATP + CO2

86
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

when someone uses oxygen at a faster rate than it can be replaced

87
Q

what can oxygen debt lead to?

A

a deficit in oxygen which causes increased respiration as the body attempts to replace the used oxygen

88
Q

when does oxygen debt occur?

A

when people exercise which is why people breathe heavily after exercising

89
Q

what is muscle fatigue?

A

when your muscles have run out of NAD+ and can no longer contract

90
Q

how many minutes worth of glucose can your body store?

A

6 minutes

91
Q

how many minutes worth of glycogen can your body store?

A

14 minutes

92
Q

how much ATP does each glucose molecule yield?

A

36 ATP

93
Q

what happens after 20 minutes of an elevated heart rate?

A

your body will start to metabolize fats (lipids) into 9 pyruvic acids

94
Q

why would a cell go through aerobic respiration?

A

fermentation doesn’t produce any ATP

95
Q

why would a cell go through fermentation?

A

it recycles NAD+ to glycolysis

96
Q

where does the kreb’s’ cycle occur?

A

matrix

97
Q

what is the intermediate molecule between pyruvic acid and citric acid?

A

acetyl CoA

98
Q

why do animals need O2?

A

to bond with hydrogen ions and make H2O in the ETC

99
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

100
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

101
Q

what are the main products of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate/pyruvic acid & NADH

102
Q

does glycolysis produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?

A

no byproducts

103
Q

is the kreb’s cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

104
Q

what is the net gain of ATP in the kreb’s cycle?

A

2 ATP

105
Q

what are the main products of the kreb’s cycle?

A

NADH & FADH2

106
Q

does the kreb’s cycle produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?

A

yes, CO2

107
Q

is the ETC an aerobic or an anaerobic process?

A

aerobic

108
Q

what is the net gain of ATP in the etc?

A

32 ATP

109
Q

where is the ETC located?

A

cristae

110
Q

what is the main product of the ETC?

A

ATP

111
Q

does the ETC produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?

A

yes, H2O

112
Q

is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

anaerobic

113
Q

what is the net gain of ATP in fermentation?

A

0 ATP

114
Q

where does fermentation occur?

A

cytoplasm

115
Q

what the main products of fermentation?

A

NAD+

116
Q

does fermentation produce any byproducts? if so, what are they?

A

yes, lactic acid, ethanol, & CO2

117
Q

after the glucose in your body runs out, what do you use? (regarding O2 debt)

A

glycogen

118
Q

what causes your muscles to burn? (regardidng O2 debt)

A

the lactic acid and lack of NAD+

119
Q

why does it feel like you get an energy boost after some physical activity?

A

you starting burning fats

120
Q

what is the purpose of the light reaction?

A

make ATP and NADPH using sunlight and water

121
Q

what is the purpose of the calvin cycle?

A

make glucose by using ATP and NADPH to modify carbon dioxide

122
Q

what macromolecule makes up all membranes including the cristae and thylakoid membrane?

A

lipids

123
Q

what elements make up carbohydrates?

A

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

124
Q

what elements make up lipids?

A

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

125
Q

what elements make up proteins?

A

CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

126
Q

what elements make up nucleic acids?

A

CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus)

127
Q

waxes are lipids that cover most leaves of the plant. why have plants evolved to have lipids on their leaves?

A

lipids are hydrophobic and they keep the plant from losing water. they also help the plant not to absorb all of the water when it rains.

128
Q

what is the function of enzymes?

A

allow for chemical reactions to occur by lowering the activation energy. act as catalysts and change substances without changing themselves.

129
Q

why are enzymes important to photosynthesis and cell respiration?

A

they help the processes to occur faster and more efficiently.

130
Q

what three letters do most enzymes end in?

A

“ase”

131
Q

what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of carbohydrates?

A

monomer: monosaccharides
polymer: polysaccharides

132
Q

what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of lipids?

A

monomer: fatty acids
polymers: triglycerides, phospholipids

133
Q

what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of proteins?

A

monomer: amino acids
polymer: polypeptide

134
Q

what are the monomer(s) and polymer(s) of nucleic acids?

A

monomer: nucleotide
polymers: DNA, RNA

135
Q

how does pH affect photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

if the pH goes too far or below the optimum pH for enzymes, the enzymes in photosynthesis/cellular respiration will denature

136
Q

describe a prokaryotic cell.

A
  • lack membrane-bound organelles
  • smaller
  • no nucleus
  • single-celled
137
Q

describe a eukaryotic cell.

A
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • larger nucleus
138
Q

what organelles do prokaryotic cells have?

A
  • ribosomes
  • DNA, membrane
  • cytoplasm
139
Q

are prokaryotic cells photosynthetic? none, some, all?

A

some.

140
Q

do prokaryotic cells perform cell respiration? fermentation?

A

they can perform both.

141
Q

what is the cellular respiration formula?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

142
Q

what is the photosynthesis formula?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

143
Q

how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration linked?

A

the reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis and vice versa.

144
Q

how are animal and plant cells different?

A

plant cells: cell walls, a large central vacuole, and chloroplast
animal cells: centrioles and cytoskeletons

145
Q

how many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

146
Q

how many ATP are produced in the kreb’s cycle?

A

2 ATP

147
Q

how many ATP are produced in ETC?

A

32 ATP

148
Q

what is the function of light in photosynthesis?

A

it is used to split water and energize hydrogen ions

149
Q

why does a plant need CO2 in photosynthesis?

A

it needs to convert the elements in CO2 as well as H2O into O2 and glucose

150
Q

why does an animal release CO2 in cellular respiration?

A

in the kreb’s cycle, pyruvic acid enters the matrix and forms acetyl CoA (ACoA) and it releases CO2

151
Q

what is the purpose of O2 in the ETC?

A

bond with the Hydrogen ions to form H2O, which is released. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor.

152
Q

what is the purpose of fermentation?

A

produce NAD+ which is recycled back to glycolysis, where it can produce 2 ATP

Biology I (6 decks)

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