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Biology I > Finals Review > Flashcards

Finals Review Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the levels of the trophic pyramid?

A
  • producer
  • primary consumer
  • secondary consumer
  • tertiary consumer
  • (maybe) quaternary consumer
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2
Q

which gases are GHGs?

A
  • water vapor
  • carbon dioxide
  • methane
  • nitrous oxide
  • ozone
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3
Q

what are the positive effects of GHGs?

A
  • keep the planet warm but not too hot
  • without them, Earth is a frozen wasteland like Mars
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4
Q

what are the negative effects of GHGs?

A
  • with too many GHGs, the planet becomes too hot and unable to sustain life
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5
Q

what is ATP?

A
  • molecule in life that is used as energy (adenosine triphosphate)
  • create ATP by lowering the activation energy
  • to use the energy, the third phosphate will break off
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6
Q

what are enzymes?

A

proteins essential for the function of life

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7
Q

how do enzymes work?

A
  • break up molecules or put them together
  • allow for chemical reactions to occur by lowering the activation energy needed to have a chemical reaction
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8
Q

what abiotic factors affect the rate at which in enzymes at work?

A
  • temperature. if the temperature is too high, the enzymes will denature.
  • pH. enzymes work best at 7.1.
  • the substrate and enzyme concentration.
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9
Q

what path does the bolus take while being digested and absorbed?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • epiglottis
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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10
Q

where are carbohydrates digested? by which enzyme(s)?

A

in the mouth by amylase

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11
Q

where are proteins digested? by which enzyme(s)?

A

in the stomach by pepsin & trypsin

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12
Q

where are lipids digested? by which enzyme(s)?

A

in the small intestine by lipase

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13
Q

where are nucleic acids digested? by which enzyme(s)?

A

in the small intestine by nuclease

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14
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A

deliver oxygen & nutrients to cells and remove waste; circulate blood around the body

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15
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

transport O2 to the lungs and the CO2 out of the lungs

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16
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

digest food and absorb the nutrients

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17
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system

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18
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A

to remove liquid waste from the body (mostly nitrogen in the form of ammonia, NH3)

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19
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  • gives the body shape
  • allows movement
  • makes blood cells
  • stores fat
  • stores minerals
  • protects organs
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20
Q

what is the function of the muscular system?

A

responsible for movement

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21
Q

what is the function of the integumentary system?

A
  • protects the body’s internal living tissues and organs
  • protects against invasion by infectious organisms
  • protects the body from dehydration
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22
Q

what systems are within the cardiovascular system?

A

circulatory & lymphatic

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23
Q

what systems are within the immune system?

A
  • lymphatic
  • digestive
  • circulatory
  • respiratory
  • integumentary
  • muscular
  • nervous
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24
Q

what systems are within the excretory system?

A

urinary & digestive

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25
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

a long-term relationship between organisms

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26
Q

what is commensalism? give an example.

A
  • when one species benefits and the other is unaffected
  • bird lives in tree
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27
Q

what is parasitism? give an example.

A
  • when one species benefits and the other is harmed (not killed)
  • tick on a dog
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28
Q

what is mutualism? give an example.

A
  • when both species benefit
  • oxpeckers eating insects off rhino
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29
Q

what is amensalism? give an example.

A
  • when one species is unaffected and the other is negatively affected
  • elephant trampling on a plant
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30
Q

what is predator-prey? give an example.

A
  • predator hunts and eats prey
  • cat and mouse
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31
Q

the ultimate cause of population growth is…

A

…that more offspring are born than die.

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32
Q

what does the term carrying capacity mean?

A

the number of people or things that can be held by the population; maximum the population can be

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33
Q

how is a population’s carrying capacity shown on a graph?

A

an s-shaped curve

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34
Q

what does a trophic pyramid represent?

A

the flow of food energy from producers to consumers

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35
Q

how much energy is transferred each time an organism is consumed?

A

10% of energy

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36
Q

what processes add CO2 to the atmosphere?

A
  • cellular respiration
  • combustion
  • decomposition
  • forest fires
  • volcanic activity
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37
Q

what process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

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38
Q

what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of proteins? what atoms make up proteins?

A

polymer: polypeptide
monomer: amino acid
atoms: CHON

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39
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A
  • structure
  • enzymes
  • messengers
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40
Q

what are three examples of proteins?

A
  • meat
  • beans
  • nuts
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41
Q

what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of lipids? what atoms make up lipids?

A

polymers: triglycerides, phospholipids
monomers: fatty acid
atoms: CHO

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42
Q

what are the functions of lipids?

A
  • insulate organs
  • surround cells
  • store energy
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43
Q

what are four examples of lipids?

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • waxes
  • steroids
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44
Q

what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of carbohydrates? what atoms make up carbohydrates?

A

polymer: polysaccharide
monomer: monosaccharide
atoms: CHO

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45
Q

what are three functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • energy
  • DNA backbone
  • plant structure
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46
Q

what are four examples of carbohydrates?

A
  • sugar
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
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47
Q

what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of nucleic acids? what atoms make up nucleic acids?

A

polymers: DNA, RNA
monomer: nucleotide
atoms: CHONP

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48
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids?

A

store and transmit genetic data

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49
Q

what is an example of nucleic acid?

A

all organic food

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50
Q

what are the naming rules for carbohydrates, lipids, and enzymes?

A

carbohydrates: “ose”
lipids: “ol”
enzymes: (protein) “ase”

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51
Q

what is unique about prokaryotic cells?

A
  • lack membrane bound organelles
  • no nucleus
  • single-celled
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52
Q

what are the only things that prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells share?

A
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
  • a membrane
  • cytoplasm
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53
Q

why does a plant need light for photosynthesis?

A

to convert the carbon dioxide and water into energy

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54
Q

why does a plant need water for photosynthesis?

A

water contains the hydrogen atoms necessary to make glucose

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55
Q

why does a plant need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

A

it provides the carbon necessary for the plant to produce glucose

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56
Q

why does a plant give off O2?

A
  • it is the waste produced during photosynthesis
  • the plant uses the carbon for glucose and doesn’t use the oxygen in CO2
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57
Q

why does an animal need glucose for cellular respiration?

A
  • it is split into pyruvic acid during glycolysis
  • through this NADH and some ATP is produced
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58
Q

why does an animal need O2 for cellular respiration?

A
  • if there is O2, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make large amounts of ATP through aerobic respiration
  • needs to bind with hydrogen to make H2O
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59
Q

why does an animal give off CO2?

A
  • alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and CO2.
  • the Krebs Cycle also produces CO2
60
Q

why does an animal give off H2O?

A

the ETC produces H2O when the Hydrogen ions bond with oxygen molecules

61
Q

what is osmosis?

A

passive transport of water across a membrane

62
Q

what causes the water to move in osmosis?

A

the imbalance of water and salt between a membrane

63
Q

what is a hypotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?

A
  • when there is more salt inside the cell than outside
  • water will flow in –> the cell’s volume increases
64
Q

what is a hypertonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?

A
  • when there is more salt outside the cell than inside
  • water flows out of the cell –> the cell’s volume decreases
65
Q

what is an isotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?

A
  • when the solutes are equal inside and out
  • water flows equally –> volume stays the same
66
Q

what is turgor pressure and what happens to a cell undergoing turgor pressure?

A
  • force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
  • cell expands in size
67
Q

what is cytolytic pressure and what happens to a cell undergoing cytolytic pressure?

A
  • when excess water diffuses into an animal cell in a hypotonic environment
  • cell bursts
68
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

state of steady internal conditions and balance among body systems so the body survives & functions

69
Q

what are three examples of an organism reacting to a homeostatic imbalance?

A
  • sweating when you’re hot
  • shivering when you’re cold
  • drinking water after eating something salty
70
Q

how do nerves communicate with each other?

A

using an electrical impulse that releases chemicals called neurotransmitters

71
Q

what is the path air takes when it goes into the body?

A

nasal cavity (mouth/nose) -> pharynx -> larynx -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli

72
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

detoxifies the blood and creates bile

73
Q

what is the function of the kidneys?

A

removes liquid waste from the body (mostly nitrogen in the ammonia, NH3)

74
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A

make enzymes that regulate blood sugar

75
Q

what is the function of the heart?

A

pump blood around your body, transporting nutrients & oxygen to the body and carrying out CO2 & waste

76
Q

what is the function of the lungs?

A

expand to take in oxygen and compress to let out carbon dioxide

77
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

78
Q

what is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

aerobic respiration: produce CO2, H2O, and energy by combining with glucose

79
Q

what is the role of oxygen in macromolecules?

A

is an element present in all of the macromolecules

80
Q

what is the role of oxygen in photosynthesis?

A

is produced with glucose when water, sunlight, and CO2 are combined

81
Q

how does oxygen enter the bloodstream?

A

from the alveoli, the oxygen passes into the capillaries and into the blood

82
Q

how does oxygen enter the body’s cells?

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes) pick up the oxygen and deliver it to the body’s cells

83
Q

what is a central vacuole?

A

organelle stores water within a plant cell

84
Q

what is a ribosome?

A

site of protein synthesis and is where materials are transported within cells

85
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell

86
Q

what is a chloroplast?

A

contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color and is where photosynthesis occurs

87
Q

what is a lysosome?

A

digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, invading viruses or bacteria

88
Q

what is a nucleolus?

A

studded organelle that aids in protein synthesis and is where ribosomes are made

89
Q

what is a vacuole?

A

provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products

90
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants and bacteria

91
Q

what is a mitochondria?

A

produces a usable form of energy for the cell

92
Q

what is a golgi body?

A

packages proteins within the cell to leave the cell and makes lipids

93
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

jelly-like fluid that gives the cell structure and holds organelles in place

94
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

the membrane surrounding the cell

95
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

96
Q

what is a cytoskeleton?

A

consist of hollow tubes and small fibers which provide support for the cell

97
Q

what is the cilia?

A

small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things

98
Q

what is the flagella?

A

longer whip-like structures used for movement

99
Q

what are centrioles?

A

used within animal cells to help the cell divide

100
Q

how does the nucleus allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?

A

the small dense region of the nucleus, the nucleolus, is where ribosomes are made. they act as trucks to transport proteins.

101
Q

how does the smooth ER allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?

A

it lacks ribosomes, but it works to transport lipids and transport throughout the cell

102
Q

how does the rough ER allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?

A

a series of tubes that transport ribosomes throughout the cell

103
Q

how does the golgi body allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?

A

it sorts, modifies, and packages proteins to be sent out of the cell. they act as the mailroom of the cell.

104
Q

the role of lysosomes in metabolism is…

A

digestion.

105
Q

the role of mitochondria in metabolism is…

A

respiration.

106
Q

the role of the plasma membrane in metabolism is…

A

regulation.

107
Q

the role of vacuoles in metabolism is…

A

ingestion.

108
Q

what organelles are found only in plant cells?

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
  • central vacuole
109
Q

what organelles are found only in animal cells?

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • centrioles
110
Q

what is an invasive species?

A
  • animals or plants from another region of the world that don’t belong in their new environment
  • they become overpopulated and harm their new environment
111
Q

what are the causes for an increase in invasive species?

A
  • usually unintentionally spread by human activities
  • people and the goods they use travel around the
    world quickly and sometimes, these invasive species can be carried with them
  • ships can carry aquatic organisms in the ballast water or on the propellor
112
Q

who do the populations of invasive species grow so rapidly?

A
  • usually, they lack predators, competitors, or parasites in their new home
  • populations can grow rapidly without natural enemies to keep them in check
  • native species usually don’t evolve natural defenses against the invasive species, making them easy prey
113
Q

what does competition do to the population of each species?

A

can regulate the population of a species and it can
also cause the species to become for adaptive

114
Q

what does predation do to the population of each species?

A
  • predators decrease the number of prey
  • the lack of food then decreases the amount of predators, which in turn increases the amount of prey in this cycle
115
Q

what is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

116
Q

what is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

117
Q

what % of energy is lost each time it is transferred? where does it go?

A
  • 90%
  • lost as heat, which is released during respiration,
    through movement, or in materials the consumer does not digest
118
Q

what cells in blood transport O2?

A

erythrocytes/RBCs

119
Q

what is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

A

alveoli

120
Q

what is the site of gas exchange in the circulatory system?

A

capillaries

121
Q

what 3 elements (atoms) are all in macromolecules?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

122
Q

how does an enzyme decrease the rate of a chemical reaction?

A
  • lower the activation energy of a reaction, which is the required amount of energy needed for a reaction
    to occur
123
Q

give 3 examples of homeostasis in the human body.

A
  • body temperature regulation
  • blood pressure regulation
  • blood sugar regulation
124
Q

what types of molecules can diffuse across a membrane? give examples.

A
  • small, polar molecules (polar means it has a negative and positive side)
  • some examples are O2 and CO2
125
Q

why is it called selectively permeable? what is it made of?

A
  • it only lets some things through
  • made of a phospholipid bilayer
126
Q

how is a sensory neuron different from a motor neuron?

A
  • sensory nerve carries impulse from the sensory receptors to the brain
  • motor nerve carries impulses
    away from the brain to muscles and glands.
127
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

a buildup of lipids on the arterial walls or hardening of the walls which causes hypertension

128
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

129
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A
  • more commonly known as a heart attack
  • blockage of blood flow to the heart due to a thrombosis (blood clot)
  • caused by smoking, diet, and genetics, among other things
130
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A
  • when the product of a reaction results in a decrease in that reaction
  • brings a system closer to stability or homeostasis
  • for example, insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high. glucagon raises blood glucose
    when levels are low.
131
Q

how have humans made lyme disease worse?

A
  • global warming (they can live in new places)
  • habitat encroachment (increased contact with animals)
  • global travel
  • killing off the predators (loss of biodiversity)
132
Q

a pink or red rash would be caused by which system?

A

integumentary

133
Q

a temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above would be caused by which system?

A

circulatory

134
Q

sneezing would be caused by which system?

A

respiratory

135
Q

joint pain would be caused by which system?

A

skeletal

136
Q

swollen lymph nodes would be caused by which system?

A

lymphatic

137
Q

what is oxygen’s role in the upper atmosphere?

A

part of the ozone (O3) which protects us from the ultraviolet rays

138
Q

why do producers produce O2?

A

O2 is a product of photosynthesis, made when water is split in the light reaction

139
Q

which organelle requires O2 in a eukaryotic cell?

A

mitochondria

140
Q

which organelle produces O2 in a plant cell?

A

chloroplast

141
Q

why do eukaryotic cells require O2 for cellular respiration?

A

oxygen in the ETC bonds with hydrogen to make H2O

142
Q

why can O2 diffuse across a membrane?

A

O2 is small enough

143
Q

where does O2 diffuse in the circulatory system?

A

capillaries

144
Q

where does O2 diffuse in the respiratory system?

A

alveoli

145
Q

which cell carries O2 in the blood? which protein is needed? what is the cofactor in that protein?

A
  • RBCs/erythrocytes
  • hemoglobin
  • iron

Biology I (6 decks)

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