Finals Review Flashcards
1
Q
what are the levels of the trophic pyramid?
A
- producer
- primary consumer
- secondary consumer
- tertiary consumer
- (maybe) quaternary consumer
2
Q
which gases are GHGs?
A
- water vapor
- carbon dioxide
- methane
- nitrous oxide
- ozone
3
Q
what are the positive effects of GHGs?
A
- keep the planet warm but not too hot
- without them, Earth is a frozen wasteland like Mars
4
Q
what are the negative effects of GHGs?
A
- with too many GHGs, the planet becomes too hot and unable to sustain life
5
Q
what is ATP?
A
- molecule in life that is used as energy (adenosine triphosphate)
- create ATP by lowering the activation energy
- to use the energy, the third phosphate will break off
6
Q
what are enzymes?
A
proteins essential for the function of life
7
Q
how do enzymes work?
A
- break up molecules or put them together
- allow for chemical reactions to occur by lowering the activation energy needed to have a chemical reaction
8
Q
what abiotic factors affect the rate at which in enzymes at work?
A
- temperature. if the temperature is too high, the enzymes will denature.
- pH. enzymes work best at 7.1.
- the substrate and enzyme concentration.
9
Q
what path does the bolus take while being digested and absorbed?
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- epiglottis
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
10
Q
where are carbohydrates digested? by which enzyme(s)?
A
in the mouth by amylase
11
Q
where are proteins digested? by which enzyme(s)?
A
in the stomach by pepsin & trypsin
12
Q
where are lipids digested? by which enzyme(s)?
A
in the small intestine by lipase
13
Q
where are nucleic acids digested? by which enzyme(s)?
A
in the small intestine by nuclease
14
Q
what is the function of the circulatory system?
A
deliver oxygen & nutrients to cells and remove waste; circulate blood around the body
15
Q
what is the function of the respiratory system?
A
transport O2 to the lungs and the CO2 out of the lungs
16
Q
what is the function of the digestive system?
A
digest food and absorb the nutrients
17
Q
what is the function of the nervous system?
A
major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system
18
Q
what is the function of the urinary system?
A
to remove liquid waste from the body (mostly nitrogen in the form of ammonia, NH3)
19
Q
what is the function of the skeletal system?
A
- gives the body shape
- allows movement
- makes blood cells
- stores fat
- stores minerals
- protects organs
20
Q
what is the function of the muscular system?
A
responsible for movement
21
Q
what is the function of the integumentary system?
A
- protects the body’s internal living tissues and organs
- protects against invasion by infectious organisms
- protects the body from dehydration
22
Q
what systems are within the cardiovascular system?
A
circulatory & lymphatic
23
Q
what systems are within the immune system?
A
- lymphatic
- digestive
- circulatory
- respiratory
- integumentary
- muscular
- nervous
24
Q
what systems are within the excretory system?
A
urinary & digestive
25
what is symbiosis?
a long-term relationship between organisms
26
what is commensalism? give an example.
- when one species benefits and the other is unaffected
- bird lives in tree
27
what is parasitism? give an example.
- when one species benefits and the other is harmed (not killed)
- tick on a dog
28
what is mutualism? give an example.
- when both species benefit
- oxpeckers eating insects off rhino
29
what is amensalism? give an example.
- when one species is unaffected and the other is negatively affected
- elephant trampling on a plant
30
what is predator-prey? give an example.
- predator hunts and eats prey
- cat and mouse
31
the ultimate cause of population growth is...
...that more offspring are born than die.
32
what does the term carrying capacity mean?
the number of people or things that can be held by the population; maximum the population can be
33
how is a population's carrying capacity shown on a graph?
an s-shaped curve
34
what does a trophic pyramid represent?
the flow of food energy from producers to consumers
35
how much energy is transferred each time an organism is consumed?
10% of energy
36
what processes add CO2 to the atmosphere?
- cellular respiration
- combustion
- decomposition
- forest fires
- volcanic activity
37
what process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?
photosynthesis
38
what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of proteins? what atoms make up proteins?
polymer: polypeptide
monomer: amino acid
atoms: CHON
39
what are the functions of proteins?
- structure
- enzymes
- messengers
40
what are three examples of proteins?
- meat
- beans
- nuts
41
what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of lipids? what atoms make up lipids?
polymers: triglycerides, phospholipids
monomers: fatty acid
atoms: CHO
42
what are the functions of lipids?
- insulate organs
- surround cells
- store energy
43
what are four examples of lipids?
- fats
- oils
- waxes
- steroids
44
what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of carbohydrates? what atoms make up carbohydrates?
polymer: polysaccharide
monomer: monosaccharide
atoms: CHO
45
what are three functions of carbohydrates?
- energy
- DNA backbone
- plant structure
46
what are four examples of carbohydrates?
- sugar
- starch
- cellulose
- glycogen
47
what are the polymer(s) and monomer(s) of nucleic acids? what atoms make up nucleic acids?
polymers: DNA, RNA
monomer: nucleotide
atoms: CHONP
48
what is the function of nucleic acids?
store and transmit genetic data
49
what is an example of nucleic acid?
all organic food
50
what are the naming rules for carbohydrates, lipids, and enzymes?
carbohydrates: "ose"
lipids: "ol"
enzymes: (protein) "ase"
51
what is unique about prokaryotic cells?
- lack membrane bound organelles
- no nucleus
- single-celled
52
what are the only things that prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells share?
- DNA
- ribosomes
- a membrane
- cytoplasm
53
why does a plant need light for photosynthesis?
to convert the carbon dioxide and water into energy
54
why does a plant need water for photosynthesis?
water contains the hydrogen atoms necessary to make glucose
55
why does a plant need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?
it provides the carbon necessary for the plant to produce glucose
56
why does a plant give off O2?
- it is the waste produced during photosynthesis
- the plant uses the carbon for glucose and doesn't use the oxygen in CO2
57
why does an animal need glucose for cellular respiration?
- it is split into pyruvic acid during glycolysis
- through this NADH and some ATP is produced
58
why does an animal need O2 for cellular respiration?
- if there is O2, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make large amounts of ATP through aerobic respiration
- needs to bind with hydrogen to make H2O
59
why does an animal give off CO2?
- alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and CO2.
- the Krebs Cycle also produces CO2
60
why does an animal give off H2O?
the ETC produces H2O when the Hydrogen ions bond with oxygen molecules
61
what is osmosis?
passive transport of water across a membrane
62
what causes the water to move in osmosis?
the imbalance of water and salt between a membrane
63
what is a hypotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?
- when there is more salt inside the cell than outside
- water will flow in --> the cell’s volume increases
64
what is a hypertonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?
- when there is more salt outside the cell than inside
- water flows out of the cell --> the cell's volume decreases
65
what is an isotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?
- when the solutes are equal inside and out
- water flows equally --> volume stays the same
66
what is turgor pressure and what happens to a cell undergoing turgor pressure?
- force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
- cell expands in size
67
what is cytolytic pressure and what happens to a cell undergoing cytolytic pressure?
- when excess water diffuses into an animal cell in a hypotonic environment
- cell bursts
68
what is homeostasis?
state of steady internal conditions and balance among body systems so the body survives & functions
69
what are three examples of an organism reacting to a homeostatic imbalance?
- sweating when you're hot
- shivering when you're cold
- drinking water after eating something salty
70
how do nerves communicate with each other?
using an electrical impulse that releases chemicals called neurotransmitters
71
what is the path air takes when it goes into the body?
nasal cavity (mouth/nose) -> pharynx -> larynx -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli
72
what is the function of the liver?
detoxifies the blood and creates bile
73
what is the function of the kidneys?
removes liquid waste from the body (mostly nitrogen in the ammonia, NH3)
74
what is the function of the pancreas?
make enzymes that regulate blood sugar
75
what is the function of the heart?
pump blood around your body, transporting nutrients & oxygen to the body and carrying out CO2 & waste
76
what is the function of the lungs?
expand to take in oxygen and compress to let out carbon dioxide
77
what is diffusion?
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
78
what is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
aerobic respiration: produce CO2, H2O, and energy by combining with glucose
79
what is the role of oxygen in macromolecules?
is an element present in all of the macromolecules
80
what is the role of oxygen in photosynthesis?
is produced with glucose when water, sunlight, and CO2 are combined
81
how does oxygen enter the bloodstream?
from the alveoli, the oxygen passes into the capillaries and into the blood
82
how does oxygen enter the body's cells?
red blood cells (erythrocytes) pick up the oxygen and deliver it to the body's cells
83
what is a central vacuole?
organelle stores water within a plant cell
84
what is a ribosome?
site of protein synthesis and is where materials are transported within cells
85
what is the nucleus?
manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
86
what is a chloroplast?
contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color and is where photosynthesis occurs
87
what is a lysosome?
digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, invading viruses or bacteria
88
what is a nucleolus?
studded organelle that aids in protein synthesis and is where ribosomes are made
89
what is a vacuole?
provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
90
what is a cell wall?
firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants and bacteria
91
what is a mitochondria?
produces a usable form of energy for the cell
92
what is a golgi body?
packages proteins within the cell to leave the cell and makes lipids
93
what is the cytoplasm?
jelly-like fluid that gives the cell structure and holds organelles in place
94
what is the plasma membrane?
the membrane surrounding the cell
95
what is a chromosome?
collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
96
what is a cytoskeleton?
consist of hollow tubes and small fibers which provide support for the cell
97
what is the cilia?
small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
98
what is the flagella?
longer whip-like structures used for movement
99
what are centrioles?
used within animal cells to help the cell divide
100
how does the nucleus allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?
the small dense region of the nucleus, the nucleolus, is where ribosomes are made. they act as trucks to transport proteins.
101
how does the smooth ER allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?
it lacks ribosomes, but it works to transport lipids and transport throughout the cell
102
how does the rough ER allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?
a series of tubes that transport ribosomes throughout the cell
103
how does the golgi body allow the cell to perform its primary function to make proteins?
it sorts, modifies, and packages proteins to be sent out of the cell. they act as the mailroom of the cell.
104
the role of lysosomes in metabolism is...
digestion.
105
the role of mitochondria in metabolism is...
respiration.
106
the role of the plasma membrane in metabolism is...
regulation.
107
the role of vacuoles in metabolism is...
ingestion.
108
what organelles are found only in plant cells?
- cell wall
- chloroplast
- central vacuole
109
what organelles are found only in animal cells?
- cytoskeleton
- centrioles
110
what is an invasive species?
- animals or plants from another region of the world that don't belong in their new environment
- they become overpopulated and harm their new environment
111
what are the causes for an increase in invasive species?
- usually unintentionally spread by human activities
- people and the goods they use travel around the
world quickly and sometimes, these invasive species can be carried with them
- ships can carry aquatic organisms in the ballast water or on the propellor
112
who do the populations of invasive species grow so rapidly?
- usually, they lack predators, competitors, or parasites in their new home
- populations can grow rapidly without natural enemies to keep them in check
- native species usually don't evolve natural defenses against the invasive species, making them easy prey
113
what does competition do to the population of each species?
can regulate the population of a species and it can
also cause the species to become for adaptive
114
what does predation do to the population of each species?
- predators decrease the number of prey
- the lack of food then decreases the amount of predators, which in turn increases the amount of prey in this cycle
115
what is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
116
what is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
117
what % of energy is lost each time it is transferred? where does it go?
- 90%
- lost as heat, which is released during respiration,
through movement, or in materials the consumer does not digest
118
what cells in blood transport O2?
erythrocytes/RBCs
119
what is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?
alveoli
120
what is the site of gas exchange in the circulatory system?
capillaries
121
what 3 elements (atoms) are all in macromolecules?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
122
how does an enzyme decrease the rate of a chemical reaction?
- lower the activation energy of a reaction, which is the required amount of energy needed for a reaction
to occur
123
give 3 examples of homeostasis in the human body.
- body temperature regulation
- blood pressure regulation
- blood sugar regulation
124
what types of molecules can diffuse across a membrane? give examples.
- small, polar molecules (polar means it has a negative and positive side)
- some examples are O2 and CO2
125
why is it called selectively permeable? what is it made of?
- it only lets some things through
- made of a phospholipid bilayer
126
how is a sensory neuron different from a motor neuron?
- sensory nerve carries impulse from the sensory receptors to the brain
- motor nerve carries impulses
away from the brain to muscles and glands.
127
what is atherosclerosis?
a buildup of lipids on the arterial walls or hardening of the walls which causes hypertension
128
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure
129
what is a myocardial infarction?
- more commonly known as a heart attack
- blockage of blood flow to the heart due to a thrombosis (blood clot)
- caused by smoking, diet, and genetics, among other things
130
what is a negative feedback loop?
- when the product of a reaction results in a decrease in that reaction
- brings a system closer to stability or homeostasis
- for example, insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high. glucagon raises blood glucose
when levels are low.
131
how have humans made lyme disease worse?
- global warming (they can live in new places)
- habitat encroachment (increased contact with animals)
- global travel
- killing off the predators (loss of biodiversity)
132
a pink or red rash would be caused by which system?
integumentary
133
a temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above would be caused by which system?
circulatory
134
sneezing would be caused by which system?
respiratory
135
joint pain would be caused by which system?
skeletal
136
swollen lymph nodes would be caused by which system?
lymphatic
137
what is oxygen's role in the upper atmosphere?
part of the ozone (O3) which protects us from the ultraviolet rays
138
why do producers produce O2?
O2 is a product of photosynthesis, made when water is split in the light reaction
139
which organelle requires O2 in a eukaryotic cell?
mitochondria
140
which organelle produces O2 in a plant cell?
chloroplast
141
why do eukaryotic cells require O2 for cellular respiration?
oxygen in the ETC bonds with hydrogen to make H2O
142
why can O2 diffuse across a membrane?
O2 is small enough
143
where does O2 diffuse in the circulatory system?
capillaries
144
where does O2 diffuse in the respiratory system?
alveoli
145
which cell carries O2 in the blood? which protein is needed? what is the cofactor in that protein?
- RBCs/erythrocytes
- hemoglobin
- iron
