Cells and Biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What element are living organisms based upon?
A
Carbon
2
Q
What is an organism made out of carbon called?
A
Organic
3
Q
Monomers
A
One single molecule
4
Q
Polymers
A
Many monomers linked together
5
Q
Macromolecules
A
Many polymers linked together
6
Q
What molecules do all macromolecules contain?
A
CHO - Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
7
Q
What polymer(s) do proteins have?
A
Polypeptide
8
Q
What monomer(s) do proteins have?
A
Amino Acids
9
Q
What atoms do proteins have?
A
CHON - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
10
Q
What are the functions of proteins? (3)
A
- Structure
- Enzymes
- Messengers
11
Q
What is the suffix for proteins?
A
“ase”
12
Q
What is the shape of a protein?
A
Ribbon
13
Q
What are food sources for proteins? (3)
A
- Meat
- Beans
- Nuts
14
Q
What are the polymer(s) fo lipids?
A
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
15
Q
What are the monomer(s) for lipids?
A
Fatty Acid
16
Q
What are the atoms in lipids?
A
CHO - Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
17
Q
What are the functions of lipids? (3)
A
- Insulate organs
- Surround cells
- Store energy
18
Q
What is the suffix for lipids?
A
“ol”
19
Q
What is the shape of lipids?
A
Long Hydrocarbon Tails
20
Q
What are the sources of lipids? (4)
A
- Fats
- Oils
- Waxes
- Steroids
21
Q
What are the polymer(s) of carbohydrates?
A
Polysaccharide
22
Q
What are the monomer(s) of carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharide
23
Q
What are the atoms in carbohydrates?
A
CHO - Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
24
Q
What are the functions of carbohydrates? (3)
A
- Energy
- DNA Backbone
- Plant structure
25
What is the suffix for carbohydrates?
"ose"
26
What is the shape of carbohydrates?
Ring - Shape
27
What are the sources of carbohydrates?
- Sugar
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
28
What is glycogen?
Sugar in the blood.
29
What are the polymer(s) of nucleic acid?
- DNA
- RNA
30
What are the monomer(s) of nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
31
What are the atoms of nucleic acid?
CHONP - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
32
What is the function of nucleic acid?
Store and transmit genetic data.
33
What is the shape of nucleic acid?
Helix
34
What are the sources of nucleic acid?
All organic food.
35
What are the types of fat?
Saturated and Unsaturated
36
Saturated Fats
Solid at room temperature
37
Unsaturated Fats
Liquid at room temperature
38
What is the shape of fats? Hint: lipids
Long Hydrocarbon Tails
39
___ have fats; ___ have oils
Animals; Plants
40
What is the molecule in life that is used as energy?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
41
How is this energy used?
The third phosphate will break off.
42
How do enzymes create ATP?
By lowering the activation energy.
43
Enzymes
Proteins essential for the function of life.
44
Catalysts...
...change a substance without changing itself.
45
Enzymes can either...
...break up molecules or put them together.
46
Where do you have the most enzymes?
Your stomach.
47
Substrate
Molecule which will be broken apart; ingredients
48
Product
The molecules that are at the end of the process; final cake
49
Active Site
Where the substrate is broken down on the enzyme
50
What is true about enzymes and the substrates they break down?
A specific enzyme can only break down a specific substrate; Lock and Key
51
When are enzymes most productive?
When certain abiotic factors are at certain levels.
52
What are the four abiotic factors that determine enzyme productivity?
- Temperature
- pH
- Substrate Concentration
- Enzyme Concentration
53
What temperature determines the highest enzyme productivty?
40C / 96.8F
54
What happens if the temperature gets to high? What is the effect of this?
Enzymes denature and the substrate can no longer fit the active site.
55
What pH do enzymes work best at?
7.1
56
Substrate Concentration
The more substrate = more product until saturation
57
Enzyme Concentration
More enzymes = more product
58
How are enzymes named?
After the substance it breaks down.
59
What do most enzymes end in?
"ase"
60
What causes different classes of proteins?
Different R-groups (shapes)
61
What are the two basic types of cells?
Prokaryotes and Eurkaryotes
62
What are some characteristics of prokaryotes?
- Lack membrane bound organelles
- Smaller
- No nucleus
- Single celled
63
What is an example of a prokaryote?
Bacteria
64
What are the only organelles prokaryotes have?
- Ribosomes
- DNA
- Membrane
- Cytoplasm
65
What are some characteristics of eukaryotes?
- Membrane bound organelles
- Nucleus that is significantly bigger
- Usually multicellular
66
What are some examples of eukaryotes?
- Plant cell
- Animal cell
- Fungi
67
Plasma Membrane: Function? What is it made of?
- Surrounds the cell
- Made up of a phospholipid bilayer; lipids
68
What is the importance of the phospholipid bilayer that makes up the cell membrane?
- Lipids do NOT mix with water
- Membrane will separate the cytoplasm from the blood (both mainly made out of water)
- Acts as a barrier like a fence
69
Nucleus: Function?
- Control center of the cell
- Houses DNA in chromosomes
70
What are the different parts of the nucleus and their functions? (3)
- Nuclear Envelope - surrounds the nucleus
- Nucleoplasm - jelly-like substance in the nucleus
- Nucleolus - small dense region; where ribosomes are made.
71
Ribosomes: Function?
- Where proteins are assembled on.
- Look like little bumps in pictures
- Act as trucks that transport proteins
72
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Function?
Tubes that act as a highway system for the cell.
73
Rough ER: Function?
Tubes that transport ribosomes throughout the cell.
74
Smooth ER: Function?
- No ribosomes
- Transport lipids throughout the cell
- Near the nucleus.
75
Mitochondria: Function?
- Powerhouse of the cell
- Have their own DNA and can reproduce on their own
- Takes glucose and make ATP (chemical energy)
76
What is the process called that mitochondria use to make ATP?
Cellular respiration.
77
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body): Function?
- Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins to be sent out of the cell
- Mailroom of the cell.
- Always near the outer membrane of the cell
78
Vesicle: Function?
- Ball of membrane
- Carries ribosomes from ER --> Golgi and from Golgi --> outer membrane
79
Lysosomes: Function?
- Contain many enzymes that clean up all the waste of the cell
- Custodians of the cell
- Little balls in pictures
80
Peroxisomes: Function?
Contain enzymes that convert H2O2 to H2O.
81
Cytoskeleton: Function?
- Network of thin tubes that give the cell structure
- Like bones in your body
- Animal cells only
82
What are the three types of cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
83
Cilia and Flagella: Function?
- Hairlike structures that extend from from the surface of the cell
- Flagella are long little tails that are responsible for movement (like a motor)
- Cilia are smaller and absorb nutrients
84
Centrioles: Function?
- Microtubules that are near the nucleus that aid in reproduction
- Animal cells only
85
Cell Wall: Function?
- Outside of the membrane
- Add support to the cell and is made out of cellulose (crunchy part of plants)
86
Central Vacuole: Function?
- Large balloon like organelle
- Stores water and gives support to plants
87
Chloroplast: Function?
- Performs photosynthesis (turning CO2 into glucose by using sunlight and water)
88
What do the cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplast all have in common?
They are organelles that only appear in plant cells.
89
What discovery was made in 1630? By who?
- First microscope and telescope
- Hans and Zach Jensen
90
What discovery was made in 1655? By who?
- Cell using the invention of the light microscope
- Looked at dead cork cells that looked empty
- Robert Hooke
91
Why did he name his discovery the way he did?
Because the cells looked like rooms in a monastery which are called cells.
92
How does a light microscope work?
It bends light to magnify.
93
What discovery was made in 1673? By who?
- First to look at living cells under a microscope
- Looked at living plant cells and noticed they are full of things
- Microscope was 10x more powerful with a precisely ground lens
- Plant cells are about 10-50 uM (micrometers)
- Anton van Leeuwenhook
94
How long did it take for the cell theory to develop? Why?
- 150 years later
- 3 different scientists from around the world made different observations
95
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2) Cells are the basic unit structure and function in an organism.
3) Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.
96
Who composed the two subparts of the first part of the cell theory? In what years? What are the subparts?
- All plants are composed of one or more cells (Matthias Schleiden, 1838)
- All animals are composed of one or more cells (Theodor Schwann, 1839)
97
Who composed the second part of the cell theory?
Schwann.
98
Who composed the third part of the cell theory? In what year?
Virchow, 1855
99
Cell Diversity
- Cells come in many different shapes and size
- Shape and size is determined by its function
100
Cell Shape; What are some examples?
- Reflects its functions
- Neurons are long to send and receive information
- Skin cells are flat and plate-like.
101
Nucleoid Region: Function?
Control center of the cell where chromosomes and DNA are held
102
Cytoplasm (Cytosol): Function?
Jelly like fluid that fills the cell
103
What is activation energy?
The amount of energy it takes for chemical reactions to occur.
104
Is a smaller or larger cell more efficient? Why?
Smaller. Many small cells will do the job better and more efficiently than few large cells.
105
Why are cells small?
- Surface area - to - volume ratio.
- Limits the size of a cell, it can never become too large. They will divide instead.
