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Biology I > Circulatory & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Circulatory & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the cardiovascular system?

A

blood, heart, and blood vessels

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2
Q

what forms the lymphatic system?

A

lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels

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3
Q

what forms the circulatory system?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

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4
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart to body

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5
Q

blood pressure

A

the force blood exerts on the inside walls of a vessel

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6
Q

systolic pressure

A

the pressure when the heart muscle is contracted

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7
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the pressure when the heart muscle is relaxed

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8
Q

what is the normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

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9
Q

veins

A

carry blood towards the heart

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10
Q

valves

A

flap of tissue that prevents the backflow of blood between the atria and the ventricles

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11
Q

what brings the blood from the arteries to the veins?

A

capillaries

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12
Q

what are capillaries the site of?

A

gas exchange

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13
Q

how does O2 get into the capillaries?

A

O2 diffuses from the respiratory system into the capillaries

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14
Q

how does CO2 exit the capillaries?

A

CO2 diffuses from the capillaries into the respiratory system

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15
Q

how thin are capillaries? what do these allow for?

A

one cell thick; type of passive transport

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16
Q

what is the purpose of valves?

A

to prevent backflow

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17
Q

what do healthy valves allow for?

A

20% backflow or 80% flow

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the AV or tricuspid valve?

A

separates the right atrium and right ventricle

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the pulmonic or semilunar valve on the right side?

A

separates right ventricle from the lungs

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the AV or mitral valve?

A

separates the left atrium and left ventricle

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the aortic or semilunar valve on the left side?

A

separates the left ventricle from the aorta

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22
Q

what is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A
  • heart-muscle cells located in the right atrium
  • initiate their own electrical impulse and contract
  • pacemaker
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23
Q

where does this impulse go to?

A

the atrioventricular (AV) node

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24
Q

what is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A
  • located between the atria and relay the impulse
  • delay causes ventricles to contract at different times (the lub dub sound in the pulse)
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25
pulmonary system
pathway where blood travels between the heart and lungs
26
systemic system
pathway where the left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body
27
what is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
- get rid of the body/cells' extracellular waste - produce white blood cells that kill germs
28
when causes the heart rate increase?
when the pH level in the blood drops
29
when and where is CO2 released?
from the krebs cycle during cellular respiration
29
what causes the pH level to decrease?
when CO2 levels increase
30
how is CO2 released?
diffuses out of mitochondria into the blood plasma
31
how many americans die from heart disease?
2/3
32
atherosclerosis
a buildup of lipids on the arterial walls or hardening of the walls - causes hypertension
33
hypertension
high blood pressure
34
myocardial infarction
heart attack - blockage of blood flow to the heart due to thrombosis (blood clot)
35
what are some causes of heart attacks?
smoking, diet, genetics, etc.
36
what is the function of blood?
transport nutrients & O2 in and transport CO2 & waste out
37
plasma
sticky, yellowish liquid that makes up 55% of the blood
38
erythrocytes
- RBC (red blood cell) - form in the red bone marrow
39
hemoglobin
protein in blood that uses iron as a cofactor to carry CO2
40
what is true about mature RBCs?
they don't have nuclei
41
platelets
- cell parts that form blood clots - produce a protein called fibrin
42
what systems are used for blood types?
ABO system & Rh system
43
what is true about the ABO system?
A&B are codominant and O is recessive
44
what does the Rh system use?
+ or -
45
what happens if the wrong blood type is given in a transfusion?
the immune system attacks the donated blood cells
46
hemophilia
disease where the blood lacks platelets
47
leukocytes
a WBC (white blood cell) that kills germs
48
phagocytes
- engulf germs using endocytosis - largest types of WBC
49
antibodies
protein that helps target and destroy bacteria and viruses
50
eosinophils
move to inflamed area to trap bacteria and viruses
51
basophils
keeps blood from clotting too quickly
52
monocytes
aid in repairing after an infection
53
what characterizes veins?
- blood towards heart - valves - low blood pressure - deoxygenated blood
54
what characterizes arteries?
- blood away from heart - pulse - high blood pressure - oxygenated blood
55
why do we need oxygen?
to bond with hydrogen to make water
56
why is CO2 bad for cells?
it lowers the pH which denatures the enzymes
57
what types of cells transport O2 to cells?
RBCs (erythrocytes)
58
where is the lowest pH of blood in the body? why?
- right ventricle - has the most CO2 before the lungs and where the gas will be exchanged
59
why are there many common lung issues?
you are exposed to the air and you are taking that air into your body
60
what is the common theme between the mitochondria, circulatory system, and the respiratory system?
- respiratory system delivers O2 to cells - mitochondria creates CO2 - CO2 removed using both systems
61
what is the function of the respiratory system?
transport O2 to the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs
62
external respiration
lungs and the outside world
63
internal respiration
cellular respiration, cell & the blood
64
nasal cavity
mouth or nose
65
what is the path of inspiration?
→ nasal cavity → pharynx →larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveoli
66
alveoli
- site of gas exchange in lungs - tiny air sacs, extreme amounts of surface area due to cilia and filtration to aid in diffusion of gasses
67
epiglottis
flap that prevents food from entering the trachea
68
how is O2 transported?
from alveoli to RBCs in capillaries
69
how is CO2 transported?
in the blood plasma to the capillaries then to the alveoli
70
inspiration
taking in of air by flexing the diaphragm
71
how does the diaphragm work during inspiration?
- when the diaphragm pulls down it makes the thoracic cavity larger (skeletal system) - draws in air to equalize the pressure (Boyle’s Law)
72
expiration
exhalation of air by relaxation of the diaphragm
73
how does the diaphragm work during expiration?
- diaphragm relaxes, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity - pushes out air to equalize pressure
74
what is the rate of breathing controlled by?
brain
75
ventricle
lower chamber of the heart
76
atrium
upper chamber of the heart that receives blood
77
lymphatic system
network of vessels that collects and returns the fluids that leak from the circulatory system
78
red blood cell
serves as the oxygen carrier in the blood; formed in the bone marrow
79
white blood cell
guards against infection, fights parasites, and attacks bacteria
80
fibrin
produced during clotting to help stop blood flow from wound
81
what type of blood is pumped by the right of the heart through the lungs?
oxygen-poor
82
what is the path of circulation?
→ s. & i. vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body systems
83
diaphragm
- dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity - controls breathing as it contracts and relaxes
84
during inhalation, the diaphragm...
contracts
85
during exhalation, the diaphragm...
relax
86
what happens when air enters the alveoli of the lungs?
- gas exchange - O2 transported from the alveoli -> RBCs in capillaries - CO2 transported in blood plasma -> capillaries -> alveoli

Biology I (6 decks)

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