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Biology I > Circulatory & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Circulatory & Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

what forms the cardiovascular system?

A

blood, heart, and blood vessels

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2
Q

what forms the lymphatic system?

A

lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels

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3
Q

what forms the circulatory system?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

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4
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart to body

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5
Q

blood pressure

A

the force blood exerts on the inside walls of a vessel

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6
Q

systolic pressure

A

the pressure when the heart muscle is contracted

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7
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the pressure when the heart muscle is relaxed

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8
Q

what is the normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

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9
Q

veins

A

carry blood towards the heart

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10
Q

valves

A

flap of tissue that prevents the backflow of blood between the atria and the ventricles

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11
Q

what brings the blood from the arteries to the veins?

A

capillaries

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12
Q

what are capillaries the site of?

A

gas exchange

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13
Q

how does O2 get into the capillaries?

A

O2 diffuses from the respiratory system into the capillaries

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14
Q

how does CO2 exit the capillaries?

A

CO2 diffuses from the capillaries into the respiratory system

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15
Q

how thin are capillaries? what do these allow for?

A

one cell thick; type of passive transport

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16
Q

what is the purpose of valves?

A

to prevent backflow

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17
Q

what do healthy valves allow for?

A

20% backflow or 80% flow

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the AV or tricuspid valve?

A

separates the right atrium and right ventricle

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the pulmonic or semilunar valve on the right side?

A

separates right ventricle from the lungs

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the AV or mitral valve?

A

separates the left atrium and left ventricle

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the aortic or semilunar valve on the left side?

A

separates the left ventricle from the aorta

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22
Q

what is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A
  • heart-muscle cells located in the right atrium
  • initiate their own electrical impulse and contract
  • pacemaker
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23
Q

where does this impulse go to?

A

the atrioventricular (AV) node

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24
Q

what is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A
  • located between the atria and relay the impulse
  • delay causes ventricles to contract at different times (the lub dub sound in the pulse)
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25
Q

pulmonary system

A

pathway where blood travels between the heart and lungs

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26
Q

systemic system

A

pathway where the left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body

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27
Q

what is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A
  • get rid of the body/cells’ extracellular waste
  • produce white blood cells that kill germs
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28
Q

when causes the heart rate increase?

A

when the pH level in the blood drops

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29
Q

when and where is CO2 released?

A

from the krebs cycle during cellular respiration

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29
Q

what causes the pH level to decrease?

A

when CO2 levels increase

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30
Q

how is CO2 released?

A

diffuses out of mitochondria into the blood plasma

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31
Q

how many americans die from heart disease?

A

2/3

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32
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a buildup of lipids on the arterial walls or hardening of the walls - causes hypertension

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33
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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34
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack - blockage of blood flow to the heart due to thrombosis (blood clot)

35
Q

what are some causes of heart attacks?

A

smoking, diet, genetics, etc.

36
Q

what is the function of blood?

A

transport nutrients & O2 in and transport CO2 & waste out

37
Q

plasma

A

sticky, yellowish liquid that makes up 55% of the blood

38
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • RBC (red blood cell)
  • form in the red bone marrow
39
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein in blood that uses iron as a cofactor to carry CO2

40
Q

what is true about mature RBCs?

A

they don’t have nuclei

41
Q

platelets

A
  • cell parts that form blood clots
  • produce a protein called fibrin
42
Q

what systems are used for blood types?

A

ABO system & Rh system

43
Q

what is true about the ABO system?

A

A&B are codominant and O is recessive

44
Q

what does the Rh system use?

A

+ or -

45
Q

what happens if the wrong blood type is given in a transfusion?

A

the immune system attacks the donated blood cells

46
Q

hemophilia

A

disease where the blood lacks platelets

47
Q

leukocytes

A

a WBC (white blood cell) that kills germs

48
Q

phagocytes

A
  • engulf germs using endocytosis
  • largest types of WBC
49
Q

antibodies

A

protein that helps target and destroy bacteria and viruses

50
Q

eosinophils

A

move to inflamed area to trap bacteria and viruses

51
Q

basophils

A

keeps blood from clotting too quickly

52
Q

monocytes

A

aid in repairing after an infection

53
Q

what characterizes veins?

A
  • blood towards heart
  • valves
  • low blood pressure
  • deoxygenated blood
54
Q

what characterizes arteries?

A
  • blood away from heart
  • pulse
  • high blood pressure
  • oxygenated blood
55
Q

why do we need oxygen?

A

to bond with hydrogen to make water

56
Q

why is CO2 bad for cells?

A

it lowers the pH which denatures the enzymes

57
Q

what types of cells transport O2 to cells?

A

RBCs (erythrocytes)

58
Q

where is the lowest pH of blood in the body? why?

A
  • right ventricle
  • has the most CO2 before the lungs and where the gas will be exchanged
59
Q

why are there many common lung issues?

A

you are exposed to the air and you are taking that air into your body

60
Q

what is the common theme between the mitochondria, circulatory system, and the respiratory system?

A
  • respiratory system delivers O2 to cells
  • mitochondria creates CO2
  • CO2 removed using both systems
61
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

transport O2 to the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs

62
Q

external respiration

A

lungs and the outside world

63
Q

internal respiration

A

cellular respiration, cell & the blood

64
Q

nasal cavity

A

mouth or nose

65
Q

what is the path of inspiration?

A

→ nasal cavity
→ pharynx
→larynx
→ trachea
→ bronchus
→ bronchiole
→ alveoli

66
Q

alveoli

A
  • site of gas exchange in lungs
  • tiny air sacs, extreme amounts of surface area due to cilia and filtration to aid in diffusion of gasses
67
Q

epiglottis

A

flap that prevents food from entering the trachea

68
Q

how is O2 transported?

A

from alveoli to RBCs in capillaries

69
Q

how is CO2 transported?

A

in the blood plasma to the capillaries then to the alveoli

70
Q

inspiration

A

taking in of air by flexing the diaphragm

71
Q

how does the diaphragm work during inspiration?

A
  • when the diaphragm pulls down it makes the thoracic cavity larger (skeletal system)
  • draws in air to equalize the pressure (Boyle’s Law)
72
Q

expiration

A

exhalation of air by relaxation of the diaphragm

73
Q

how does the diaphragm work during expiration?

A
  • diaphragm relaxes, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity
  • pushes out air to equalize pressure
74
Q

what is the rate of breathing controlled by?

A

brain

75
Q

ventricle

A

lower chamber of the heart

76
Q

atrium

A

upper chamber of the heart that receives blood

77
Q

lymphatic system

A

network of vessels that collects and returns the fluids that leak from the circulatory system

78
Q

red blood cell

A

serves as the oxygen carrier in the blood; formed in the bone marrow

79
Q

white blood cell

A

guards against infection, fights parasites, and attacks bacteria

80
Q

fibrin

A

produced during clotting to help stop blood flow from wound

81
Q

what type of blood is pumped by the right of the heart through the lungs?

A

oxygen-poor

82
Q

what is the path of circulation?

A

→ s. & i. vena cava
→ right atrium
→ tricuspid valve
→ right ventricle
→ pulmonary valve
→ pulmonary artery
→ lungs
→ pulmonary vein
→ left atrium
→ mitral valve
→ left ventricle
→ aortic valve
→ aorta
→ body systems

83
Q

diaphragm

A
  • dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
  • controls breathing as it contracts and relaxes
84
Q

during inhalation, the diaphragm…

A

contracts

85
Q

during exhalation, the diaphragm…

A

relax

86
Q

what happens when air enters the alveoli of the lungs?

A
  • gas exchange
  • O2 transported from the alveoli -> RBCs in capillaries
  • CO2 transported in blood plasma -> capillaries -> alveoli

Biology I (6 decks)

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