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Biology I > Excretory Systems > Flashcards

Excretory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

how much energy is absorbed from food when it is transferred into another organism?

A

10%

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2
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

digestion & absorption

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3
Q

what is digestion?

A

breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body

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4
Q

where does digestion start? what happens here?

A

mouth; bolus is created (ball of food)

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5
Q

how does digestion occur in the mouth?

A

mechanically (chewing) and chemically (breaking down carbohydrates with the enzyme amylase)

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6
Q

where does food go after the mouth?

A

the pharynx

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7
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis?

A

to cover the trachea so food only goes down the esophagus and not the trachea

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8
Q

how is food transported in the esophagus?

A

smooth muscle squeezes the bolus into the stomach in the process of peristalsis

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9
Q

how does digestion occur in the stomach?

A

mechanical digestion (churning to coat everything in fluid) & chemical digestion (enzymes pepsin and trypsin break down proteins)

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10
Q

what do the enzymes pepsin and trypsin make up?

A

gastric fluid (stomach acid)

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11
Q

what is an ulcer?

A

hole in the stomach that lets fluids out (harmful)

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12
Q

what is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?

A

stops stomach stomach from digesting itself

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13
Q

what are sphincters?

A

muscles at the beginning and end of the stomach

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14
Q

what is chyme?

A

fluid that travels from the stomach into the small intestine

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15
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

muscle that squeezes, separating the stomach from the small intestine

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16
Q

what occurs in the small intestine?

A

chemical digestion (bile) & mechanical digestion (peristalsis) where nutrients are absorbed using villi

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17
Q

where is bile made and stored?

A

excreted by the liver into the gallbladder then into the small intestines

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18
Q

what absorbs nutrients?

A

the villi

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19
Q

how are the nutrients absorbed? where do the nutrients go?

A

diffusion or facilitated diffusion into the blood

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20
Q

what is left after the nutrients have been absorbed?

A

feces

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21
Q

where does the feces go? what occurs here?

A

large intestine (colon) where water absorption occurs

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22
Q

where is the feces stored before excretion?

A

rectum

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23
Q

what are accessory organs?

A

organs that the bolus does not travel through but are necessary for digestion

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24
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

detoxify blood and create bile

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25
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

store bile

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26
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A

make enzymes that regulate blood sugar

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27
Q

too high sugar…
too low sugar…

A

…insulin
…glucagon

28
Q

what are the parts of the stomach from beginning to end?

A
  • esophagus
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric antrum
  • pyloric canal
  • pylorus
  • duodenum
29
Q

what breaks down proteins? where?

A

pepsin & trypsin in the stomach

30
Q

what breaks down lipids? where?

A

lipase in the small intestine

31
Q

what breaks down nucleic acids? where?

A

nuclease in the small intestine

32
Q

what breaks down carbohydrates? where?

A

amylase in the mouth

33
Q

where are macromolecules absorbed?

A

small intestine

34
Q

what is diabetes?

A

when the levels of blood sugar are elevated

35
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A

allow for the bolus to pass from the mouth to the stomach

36
Q

what is the function of the cardia?

A

first part of the stomach that contains the cardiac sphincter, preventing food from traveling back up to esophagus

37
Q

what is the function of the fundus?

A

stores the gas produced during digestion

38
Q

what is the function of the body?

A
  • temporarily store food
  • contract & relax to mix & break down food
  • produce enzymes & specialized cells to digest food
39
Q

what is the function of the pyloric antrum?

A

regulates passage of chyme into the duodenum

40
Q

what is the function of the pyloric canal?

A

opening to the duodenum

41
Q

what is the function of pylorus?

A

valve that opens and closes during digestion and allows for stomach contents to pass to small intestine

42
Q

what is the function of the duodenum?

A

where food, bile, and digestive juice mix; absorption of nutrients begins

43
Q

what are the two parts of the small intestine?

A

jejunum & illeum

44
Q

what is the function of the jejunum?

A

helps to further digest food from the stomach

45
Q

what is the function of the ileum?

A

absorbs final nutrients from the digested food (chyme)

46
Q

what is the path of the large intestine?

A

(appendix)
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus

47
Q

what is the function of the cecum?

A

assists in formation of feces and absorbs fluids and salts

48
Q

what is the function of the ascending colon?

A

absorb remaining water and key nutrients and solidifying it to form stool

49
Q

what is the function of the transverse colon?

A

absorb water and salts from indigestible food matter

50
Q

what is the function of the descending colon?

A

store feces that will eventually be emptied into the rectum

51
Q

what is the function of the rectum?

A

holding area of the stool until it is time to release it

52
Q

what is the function of the anus?

A

where the stool leaves the body when the rectum is full

53
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A

remove liquid waste from the body

54
Q

what is mostly removed by the urinary system?

A

nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3)

55
Q

what is the function of the kidneys?

A

filter nitrogen from the blood

56
Q

what are the three parts of the kidney?

A
  • renal cortex: outermost portion
  • renal medulla: inner part
  • renal pelvis: funnel in the center
57
Q

what is the nephron?

A

functional unit of the kidney that produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood

58
Q

urine is made by…

A

nephron

59
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

network of capillaries in the bowman’s capsule involved in the filtration of blood to form urine

60
Q

what is the bowman’s capsule?

A

structure that surrounds the glomerulus of each nephron where filtration occurs

61
Q

what is the renal tubule?

A

location of reabsorption of everything except platelets and large proteins

62
Q

what are kidney stones?

A

clusters of metal that form in your kidney and pass through the urethra

63
Q

what is a UTI?

A

urinary tract infection that is very common in biological females

64
Q

what is BPH?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia that is common in biological males, especially elderly males

65
Q

which kidney is higher?

A

left (patient left)

66
Q

what is the loop of henle?

A

long u-shaped portion of the tubule that reabsorbs salt and water and conducts urine within each nephron

67
Q

what is the path through the nephron?

A
  • glomerulus
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct

Biology I (6 decks)

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