Excretory Systems

Question 1

how much energy is absorbed from food when it is transferred into another organism?

Answer 1

10%

Question 2

what is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 2

digestion & absorption

Question 3

what is digestion?

Answer 3

breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body

Question 4

where does digestion start? what happens here?

Answer 4

mouth; bolus is created (ball of food)

Question 5

how does digestion occur in the mouth?

Answer 5

mechanically (chewing) and chemically (breaking down carbohydrates with the enzyme amylase)

Question 6

where does food go after the mouth?

Answer 6

the pharynx

Question 7

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 7

to cover the trachea so food only goes down the esophagus and not the trachea

Question 8

how is food transported in the esophagus?

Answer 8

smooth muscle squeezes the bolus into the stomach in the process of peristalsis

Question 9

how does digestion occur in the stomach?

Answer 9

mechanical digestion (churning to coat everything in fluid) & chemical digestion (enzymes pepsin and trypsin break down proteins)

Question 10

what do the enzymes pepsin and trypsin make up?

Answer 10

gastric fluid (stomach acid)

Question 11

what is an ulcer?

Answer 11

hole in the stomach that lets fluids out (harmful)

Question 12

what is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?

Answer 12

stops stomach stomach from digesting itself

Question 13

what are sphincters?

Answer 13

muscles at the beginning and end of the stomach

Question 14

what is chyme?

Answer 14

fluid that travels from the stomach into the small intestine

Question 15

what is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 15

muscle that squeezes, separating the stomach from the small intestine

Question 16

what occurs in the small intestine?

Answer 16

chemical digestion (bile) & mechanical digestion (peristalsis) where nutrients are absorbed using villi

Question 17

where is bile made and stored?

Answer 17

excreted by the liver into the gallbladder then into the small intestines

Question 18

what absorbs nutrients?

Answer 18

the villi

Question 19

how are the nutrients absorbed? where do the nutrients go?

Answer 19

diffusion or facilitated diffusion into the blood

Question 20

what is left after the nutrients have been absorbed?

Answer 20

feces

Question 21

where does the feces go? what occurs here?

Answer 21

large intestine (colon) where water absorption occurs

Question 22

where is the feces stored before excretion?

Answer 22

rectum

Question 23

what are accessory organs?

Answer 23

organs that the bolus does not travel through but are necessary for digestion

Question 24

what is the function of the liver?

Answer 24

detoxify blood and create bile

Question 25

what is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 25

store bile

Question 26

what is the function of the pancreas?

Answer 26

make enzymes that regulate blood sugar

Question 27

too high sugar... too low sugar...

Answer 27

...insulin ...glucagon

Question 28

what are the parts of the stomach from beginning to end?

Answer 28

- esophagus - cardia - fundus - body - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - pylorus - duodenum

Question 29

what breaks down proteins? where?

Answer 29

pepsin & trypsin in the stomach

Question 30

what breaks down lipids? where?

Answer 30

lipase in the small intestine

Question 31

what breaks down nucleic acids? where?

Answer 31

nuclease in the small intestine

Question 32

what breaks down carbohydrates? where?

Answer 32

amylase in the mouth

Question 33

where are macromolecules absorbed?

Answer 33

small intestine

Question 34

what is diabetes?

Answer 34

when the levels of blood sugar are elevated

Question 35

what is the function of the esophagus?

Answer 35

allow for the bolus to pass from the mouth to the stomach

Question 36

what is the function of the cardia?

Answer 36

first part of the stomach that contains the cardiac sphincter, preventing food from traveling back up to esophagus

Question 37

what is the function of the fundus?

Answer 37

stores the gas produced during digestion

Question 38

what is the function of the body?

Answer 38

- temporarily store food - contract & relax to mix & break down food - produce enzymes & specialized cells to digest food

Question 39

what is the function of the pyloric antrum?

Answer 39

regulates passage of chyme into the duodenum

Question 40

what is the function of the pyloric canal?

Answer 40

opening to the duodenum

Question 41

what is the function of pylorus?

Answer 41

valve that opens and closes during digestion and allows for stomach contents to pass to small intestine

Question 42

what is the function of the duodenum?

Answer 42

where food, bile, and digestive juice mix; absorption of nutrients begins

Question 43

what are the two parts of the small intestine?

Answer 43

jejunum & illeum

Question 44

what is the function of the jejunum?

Answer 44

helps to further digest food from the stomach

Question 45

what is the function of the ileum?

Answer 45

absorbs final nutrients from the digested food (chyme)

Question 46

what is the path of the large intestine?

Answer 46

(appendix) - cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

Question 47

what is the function of the cecum?

Answer 47

assists in formation of feces and absorbs fluids and salts

Question 48

what is the function of the ascending colon?

Answer 48

absorb remaining water and key nutrients and solidifying it to form stool

Question 49

what is the function of the transverse colon?

Answer 49

absorb water and salts from indigestible food matter

Question 50

what is the function of the descending colon?

Answer 50

store feces that will eventually be emptied into the rectum

Question 51

what is the function of the rectum?

Answer 51

holding area of the stool until it is time to release it

Question 52

what is the function of the anus?

Answer 52

where the stool leaves the body when the rectum is full

Question 53

what is the function of the urinary system?

Answer 53

remove liquid waste from the body

Question 54

what is mostly removed by the urinary system?

Answer 54

nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3)

Question 55

what is the function of the kidneys?

Answer 55

filter nitrogen from the blood

Question 56

what are the three parts of the kidney?

Answer 56

- renal cortex: outermost portion - renal medulla: inner part - renal pelvis: funnel in the center

Question 57

what is the nephron?

Answer 57

functional unit of the kidney that produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood

Question 58

urine is made by...

Answer 58

nephron

Question 59

what is the glomerulus?

Answer 59

network of capillaries in the bowman's capsule involved in the filtration of blood to form urine

Question 60

what is the bowman's capsule?

Answer 60

structure that surrounds the glomerulus of each nephron where filtration occurs

Question 61

what is the renal tubule?

Answer 61

location of reabsorption of everything except platelets and large proteins

Question 62

what are kidney stones?

Answer 62

clusters of metal that form in your kidney and pass through the urethra

Question 63

what is a UTI?

Answer 63

urinary tract infection that is very common in biological females

Question 64

what is BPH?

Answer 64

benign prostatic hyperplasia that is common in biological males, especially elderly males

Question 65

which kidney is higher?

Answer 65

left (patient left)

Question 66

what is the loop of henle?

Answer 66

long u-shaped portion of the tubule that reabsorbs salt and water and conducts urine within each nephron

Question 67

what is the path through the nephron?

Answer 67

- glomerulus - bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct