photosynthesis and respiration Flashcards
(producers) living things that make their own food by building organic molecules from inorganic substances
Autotrophs
Examples of Autotrophs
Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
(consumers) living things that take in food from other sources
Heterotrophs
Examples of Heterotrophs
Animals, Fungi
process that converts the radiant energy of sunlight into chemical energy (glucose)
photosynthesis
process that releases chemical energy for uses by the cell
respiration
adenosine triphosphate
- compound that stores energy in cells
- consists of adenine, ribose (5 carbon sugar) and 3 phosphate groups
ATP
transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule
phosphorylation
green pigment that captures light energy
chlorophyll
Photosynthesis takes place in the _______.
chloroplast
main products of photosynthesis
carbohydrates
released from splitting a molecule of water in the beginning of the photosynthesis process
oxygen
CO2 is obtained from the ______ and enters through ______.
air; stomata
openings on the underside of the leaf
stomata (mouths)
Two guard cells control the opening and closing of the ________ based on ________ ________ in them.
stomata; osmotic pressure
Water is taken from the ground by the roots (osmosis) and moves to the leaves by ________ ________.
capillary action
creates the necessary difference in pressure for capillary action to work
transpiration
plant vascular tissue that transports water (H2O) & dissolved minerals/nutrients UPWARD from roots to leaves. Moves in ONE direction only.
Xylem
plant vascular tissue that carries food (proteins, sugars, etc) & water DOWNWARD from leaves to roots. Moves in TWO-WAY direction.
Phloem
Reactions of Photosynthesis
Light Reactions & Dark Reactions
Light (dependent) reactions depend directly on ________.
light
Calvin cycle (aka light-independent)
Dark Reactions
Dark reactions use ________ from the atmosphere to combine with Hydrogen from light reactions.
CO2
Dark reactions produce ________.
glucose (C6H12O6)
Dark reactions happen in?
the stroma of the chloroplast
Photosynthesis is a Biochemical Pathway.
Photosynthesis is a Biochemical Pathway.
Autotrophs produce organic compounds and oxygen through ________ and both autotrophs and heterotrophs produce ________ and ________ through ________ ________.
photosynthesis; CO2; H2O; cellular respiration
chloroplast
organelle
disk-shaped interconnected sacs (light reactions)
thylakoids
piled stacks of thylakoids
grana
fluid that fills the inside of the chloroplast (dark reactions)
stroma
Light is a form of ________ energy.
electromagnetic
Sunlight is a collection of ________ with ________ from 400 to 750nm.
waves; wavelengths
When meeting a material, light waves can be:
1) Be absorbed
2) Be relfected
3) Be transmitted
pigments found in thylakoids
chlorophylls
accessory pigment (yellow, orange, brown)
carotenoids
breakdown of glucose to produce energy (ATP)
Cellular Respiration
Where does ATP come from?
Cellular Respiration
Two types of Respiration
Aerobic & Anaerobic
Respiration that REQUIRES oxygen
aerobic
Respiration that does NOT require oxygen
anaerobic
first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- breakdown of glucose
- doesn’t require oxygen
- occurs in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis
OXYGEN combines with hydrogen forming water (reverse of what happens in photosynthesis)
- takes place in the mitochondria
aerobic respiration
pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
- occurs in bacteria and animal cells when oxygen is low
- makes muscles feel sore and tired
Lactic Acid Fermentation
pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol and CO2
- occurs in yeast
- Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled fungi
Alcoholic Fermentation
Two types of Fermentation
Lactic Acid & Alcoholic
