macromolecules Flashcards
subunits called amino acids; used to build cells; do much of the work inside organisms; act as enzymes helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms
proteins
amino acids contain two functional groups:
the carboxyl group (-COOH) and the amino group (-NH2)
protein molecules that act as biological catalysts
enzymes
Cells contain thousands of different ________ to control the functions of the cell.
enzymes
Enzymes must physically fit a __________ ___________ to work properly.
specific substrate
the place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed
active site
What changed the shape of enzymes and their active sites until the enzyme is unable to work?
Excess heat, a change in pH from neutral, etc.
Some enzymes have a second site, where:
a coenzyme attaches to help make the substrate better fit the active site of the enzyme
What subunits make up proteins?
amino acids
Proteins also act as _________ in cells to control reactions.
enzymes
Name the 2 functional groups in amino acids.
Amino & Carboxyl
Cells have ______ of enzymes to act as biological _________.
1,000 ‘s; catalysts
Enzymes have an attachment site called the _________ site for the _________ to join.
active; substrate
What is the effect of excess heat or temperature on an enzyme?
Active site + Shape Change may not work
large, nonpolar (won’t dissolve in water) molecules
lipids
in lipids, phospholipids make up _______ _______.
cell membranes
Lipids also serve as 3 things:
– waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants
– pigments (chlorophyll)
– steroids
Lipids have more _____ and _____ atoms than ______ atoms.
carbon; hydrogen; oxygen
What is made of glycerol (alcohol) and three fatty acid chains? And what is the subunit name?
fats; triglyceride
Fatty acid chains in fats can be saturated and unsaturated. What do these terms mean?
saturated: only single bonds between carbons
unsaturated: contain at least one double bond
A carboxyl functional group (-COOH) is found on:
the end of the fatty acid that does NOT attach to glycerol
Lipids are nonpolar. What does this mean?
Hydrophobic, will not dissolve in water.
_________ make up cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Name a waxy lipid that covers plants.
Plant cuticle
Fats are made of an alcohol called _________ and three _________ _________ chains. This is known as _________.
glycerol; fatty acid; triglyceride
If there are all SINGLE bonds between _________ in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be _________.
carbons; SATURATED
If there are all DOUBLE bonds between _________ in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be _________.
carbons; UNSATURATED
_________ carry the genetic information in a cell.
Nucleic acids
_________ contains all the instructions for making every protein needed by a living thing.
DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid
Nucleic acids carry _________ information in a molecule called _________ or _________ _________ acid.
genetic; DNA; deoxyribose nucleic
DNA has the instructions for making a cell’s _________.
proteins
The nucleic acid _________ copies DNA so _________ can be made.
RNA; proteins
_________ are the subunits making up nucleic acid.
Nucleotides
The 3 parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon _________ , a _________ , and a _________ .
sugar; phosphate; nitrogen
