macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

subunits called amino acids; used to build cells; do much of the work inside organisms; act as enzymes helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms

A

proteins

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2
Q

amino acids contain two functional groups:

A

the carboxyl group (-COOH) and the amino group (-NH2)

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3
Q

protein molecules that act as biological catalysts

A

enzymes

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4
Q

Cells contain thousands of different ________ to control the functions of the cell.

A

enzymes

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5
Q

Enzymes must physically fit a __________ ___________ to work properly.

A

specific substrate

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6
Q

the place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed

A

active site

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7
Q

What changed the shape of enzymes and their active sites until the enzyme is unable to work?

A

Excess heat, a change in pH from neutral, etc.

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8
Q

Some enzymes have a second site, where:

A

a coenzyme attaches to help make the substrate better fit the active site of the enzyme

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9
Q

What subunits make up proteins?

A

amino acids

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10
Q

Proteins also act as _________ in cells to control reactions.

A

enzymes

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11
Q

Name the 2 functional groups in amino acids.

A

Amino & Carboxyl

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12
Q

Cells have ______ of enzymes to act as biological _________.

A

1,000 ‘s; catalysts

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13
Q

Enzymes have an attachment site called the _________ site for the _________ to join.

A

active; substrate

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14
Q

What is the effect of excess heat or temperature on an enzyme?

A

Active site + Shape Change may not work

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15
Q

large, nonpolar (won’t dissolve in water) molecules

A

lipids

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16
Q

in lipids, phospholipids make up _______ _______.

A

cell membranes

17
Q

Lipids also serve as 3 things:

A

– waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants
– pigments (chlorophyll)
– steroids

18
Q

Lipids have more _____ and _____ atoms than ______ atoms.

A

carbon; hydrogen; oxygen

19
Q

What is made of glycerol (alcohol) and three fatty acid chains? And what is the subunit name?

A

fats; triglyceride

20
Q

Fatty acid chains in fats can be saturated and unsaturated. What do these terms mean?

A

saturated: only single bonds between carbons

unsaturated: contain at least one double bond

21
Q

A carboxyl functional group (-COOH) is found on:

A

the end of the fatty acid that does NOT attach to glycerol

22
Q

Lipids are nonpolar. What does this mean?

A

Hydrophobic, will not dissolve in water.

22
Q

_________ make up cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

23
Q

Name a waxy lipid that covers plants.

A

Plant cuticle

24
Fats are made of an alcohol called _________ and three _________ _________ chains. This is known as _________.
glycerol; fatty acid; triglyceride
25
If there are all SINGLE bonds between _________ in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be _________.
carbons; SATURATED
26
If there are all DOUBLE bonds between _________ in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be _________.
carbons; UNSATURATED
27
_________ carry the genetic information in a cell.
Nucleic acids
28
_________ contains all the instructions for making every protein needed by a living thing.
DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid
29
Nucleic acids carry _________ information in a molecule called _________ or _________ _________ acid.
genetic; DNA; deoxyribose nucleic
30
DNA has the instructions for making a cell's _________.
proteins
31
The nucleic acid _________ copies DNA so _________ can be made.
RNA; proteins
32
_________ are the subunits making up nucleic acid.
Nucleotides
33
The 3 parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon _________ , a _________ , and a _________ .
sugar; phosphate; nitrogen