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Year 13 Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

granum

A

inner part of chloroplasts made of stacks of thylakoid membranes where the light-dependent stage takes place

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2
Q

photosynthetic pigment

A

pigment that absorbs specific wavelengths of light and traps the energy associated with light

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3
Q

photosytem

A

system of photosynthetic pigments found in thylakoids- each contains 300 molecules of chlorophyll that trap photons and pass energy to a primary pigment reaction centre (chlorophyll a)

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4
Q

stroma

A

fluid-filled matrix of chloroplasts where light-independent stage takes place

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5
Q

thylakoid

A

flattened membrane-bound sac found inside chloroplasts- contains photosynthetic pigments/photosystems and site of light-dependent

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6
Q

electron carriers

A

molecules that can accept one or more electrons and then donate them to another carrier e.g. ferredoxin, NAD, NADP

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7
Q

NADP

A

a coenzyme and electron and hydrogen carrier

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8
Q

photophosphorylation

A

generation of ATP from ADP + Pi in the presence of light

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9
Q

calvin cycle

A

metabolic pathway of light-ind stage to make organic compounds

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10
Q

GP

A

intermediate compound in the calvin cycle

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11
Q

RuBP

A

a five-carbon compound present in chloroplasts, a carbon dioxide acceptor

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12
Q

TP

A

a three-carbon compound and product of calvin cycle used to make other larger organic molecules

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13
Q

autotroph

A

organisms that use sunlight to synthesise large organic molecules from simple organic molecules which form the building blocks of living cells

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14
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that ingest/absorbs organic carbon to produce energy and synthesise

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15
Q

chemotroph

A

organisms that obtain energy through a chemical process (chemosynthesis) rather than photosynthesis

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16
Q

photoautotroph

A

organisms that photosynthesise because they use light as a source for autotrophic nutrition

17
Q

photon

A

a particle of light, each containing an amount of energy

18
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

monosaccharide sugar, converted to disaccharides for transport, to starch for storage

19
Q

how to photosynthesis and respiration interrelate

A

both cycle oxygen/co2 in the atmosphere, products of one are the raw materials of the other

20
Q

intensity of light has to be sufficient to allow photosynthesis at a rate that replenishes….

A

carbohydrate stores used up by respiration

21
Q

plant reaches its compensation point when….

A

photosynthesis and respiration proceed at the same rate so there is no net gain/loss of carbohydrate

22
Q

compensation period

A

time it takes to reach its compensation point- different for diff species

23
Q

how do shade plants utilise light of lower intensity

A

they reach the compensation point sooner when exposed to light after being in darkness

24
Q

photosynthetic pigments

A

pigment that absorbs light of a particular wavelength and reflects other wavelengths, appearing the colour it is reflecting to our brain/eyes
the energy associated with the wavelength is funnelled down to the primary pigment reaction centre

25
Q

photosystems

A

funnel-shaped structures found within the thylakoid membranes of each chloroplast

26
Q

chlorophylls

A

a mixture of pigments- porphyrin group which is a magnesium atom + long hydrocarbon chain
e.g. chlorophyll a (P680/P700), chlorophyll b

27
Q

types of accessory pigments

A

carotenoids, xanthophylls

28
Q

where does the light-dependent stage occur

A

grana in the chloroplasts

29
Q

4 processes in the light-dependent stage

A

light harvesting at the photosystems
photolysis of water
photophosphorylation (ATP production)
formation of reduced NAD

30
Q

photosystem 1

A

pigment is a type of chlorophyll a, peak absorption of red light is 700nm

31
Q

photosystem 2

A

pigment is a type of chlorophyll a, peak absorption of red light is 680nm

32
Q

photolysis

A

when the presence of light splits water molecules into protons, electrons, oxygen with an enzyme in PSII

33
Q

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

involves PSI and PSII, produces ATP, oxygen, reduced NADP

34
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation

A

only PSI produces ATP but smaller quantities than non-cyclic

35
Q

where does the light-independent stage take place

A

stroma of chloroplasts

36
Q

why does the light-independent stage only run in daylight

A

products of the l-d stage are continuously needed for the Calvin cycle to run and hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid spaces so conc. of free protons in stroma falls, raising pH

37
Q

role of CO2 in the light-independent stage

A

fixation of co2 in stroma maintains a concentration gradient that aids diffusion
converted to organic molecules in Calvin cycle

38
Q

limiting factor

A

when the rate of a metabolic process depends on a number of factors and is limited by the factor at its least favourable level

39
Q

factors that affect photosynthesis

A

light intensity, carbon dioxide conecentration, temperature, water stress

Year 13 Biology (15 decks)

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