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Year 13 Biology > Cloning & Biotechnology > Flashcards

Cloning & Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

clones

A

genetically identical organisms or cells

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2
Q

vegetative propagation

A

reproduction from vegetative parts of a plant- usually an over-wintering organ

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3
Q

micropropagation

A

growing large numbers of new plants from meristem tissue taken from a sample plant

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4
Q

tissue culture

A

growing new tissues, organs or plants from certain tissues cut from a sample plant

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5
Q

embryo twinning

A

splitting an embryo to create 2 genetically identical embryos

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6
Q

enucleation

A

removal of the cell nucleus

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7
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

A

a technique that involves transferring the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell

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8
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of living organisms/parts of living organisms for industrial processes- to produce food, drugs or other products

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9
Q

agar

A

a polysaccharide of galactose obtained from seaweed which is used to thicken the medium into a gel

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10
Q

aseptic technique

A

sterile techniques used in culturing and manipulating microorganisms

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11
Q

closed culture

A

a culture with no exchange of nutrients or gases with the external environment

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12
Q

serial dilution

A

a sequence of dilutions used to reduce the concentration of a solution or suspension

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13
Q

immobilised enzyme

A

an enzyme that is held in place and not free to diffuse through the solution

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14
Q

what process are natural clones produced by

A

asexual reproduction in which nucleus is divided by mitosis

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15
Q

why may naturally cloned cells not be physically/chemically identical

A

may differentiate to form 2 different types of cell after division

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16
Q

advantages of natural clones

A

conditions good, rapid, only 1 parent needed

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17
Q

disadvantages of natural clones

A

overcrowded offspring, no genetic diversity, little variation, no selection, susceptible to environ. changes

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18
Q

why plants are able to reproduce by cloning

A

many parts of the plant contain cells that retain ability to divide and differentiate into a range of types of cell

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19
Q

examples of vegetative propagation

A

runners/stolens, rhizomes, suckers, bulbs, corms, leaves, tubers

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20
Q

identical twins

A

formed when mammals clone as a zygote divides as normal by the 2 daughter cells then split to become 2 separate cells that develop individually

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21
Q

how to encourage cells in growing plant tissue to differentiate

A

apply plant growth substances to cells on a nutrient medium under sterile conditions at the correct time

22
Q

advantages of artificial cloning in plants

A

rapid, uniform phenotype –> desirable characteristics, retain unusual combos, easier to grow/harvest, , using meristem as explant ensures virus free

23
Q

disadvantages of artificial cloning in plants

A

labour intensive, expensive, microbial contamination -> fail, susceptible to same pests/disease

24
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into any type of adult cell found in the organism in early embryo cells

25
Q

arguments for artificial cloning in animals

A

preserve rare species, research with identical tissues allows effects of genes/hormones to be seen clearly without genotypes interfering, avoid medicinal animal testing

26
Q

arguments against artificial cloning in animals

A

excessive genetic uniformity->unlikely to adapt to environ. changes, unknown if remain healthy long term, success rate poor, expensive, animal welfare, ethical issues with destroying embryo

27
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go in in an organism

28
Q

processes in metabolism

A

new cells, cellular components, chemicals e.g. hormones, enzymes , waste products

29
Q

primary metabolites

A

substances produced by an organism as part of its normal growth e.g. proteins, enzymes, lactate , production matches the growth in population of the organism

30
Q

secondary metabolites

A

substances produced by an organism that are not part of its normal growth e.g. antibiotic chemicals , production usually begins after the main growth period

31
Q

why must the air leaving the fermenter be sterilised

A

bacteria/microbes could be pathogenic due to mutation and spread

32
Q

downstream processing

A

separation and purification of product from mixture in fermenter (after harvest)

33
Q

advantages of using immobilised enzymes

A

easy, quick, continuous, renewable, protected from extreme conditions by immobilising matrix e.g. high ph/temp, reduced downstreaming costs

34
Q

disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes

A

slower production, setting up/materials/time is expensive, less sactive than free enzymes

35
Q

advantages of using microorganisms in biotechnology

A

production faster with demand, no ethical issues, biomass has high protein content, easily GM, not seasonal, less space needed, grow on waste

36
Q

disadvantages of microorganisms in biotechnology

A

not eat fungal protein grown on waste, must be isolated in fermenter, needs purification, susceptible to infection, not as palatable as normal protein sources

37
Q

why is asepsis important

A

nutrient medium also supports growth of unwanted organisms causing competition so reducing production or spoiling product with toxic chemicals -> sterile conditions must be maintained

38
Q

continuous culture

A

primary metabolites continually released and extracted from fermenting broth (topped up with nutrients as product extracted other too densely populated)

39
Q

batch culture

A

producing secondary metabolites where culture is set up with limited quantity of nutrients, fermenting for specific time then emptied and extracted

40
Q

growth medium

A

broth (bottles/tubes) or agar (melted/poured in petri dishes) - contains peptones, yeast extract, salts, water and/or glucose and blood

41
Q

materials microorganisms can grow on

A

any that provide carbon compounds for respiration and source of nitrogen for protein synthesis

42
Q

liquid medium

A

a liquid broth that is initially clear but turns cloudy when bacteria grows, useful to increase numbers before transferring to agar

43
Q

why serial dilutions are used to investigate rate of growth of the population of microorganisms

A

population density must be reduced otherwise there’d be too many colonies merging together, impossible to count

44
Q

how methods are used to immobilise enzymes

A

by binding them to a surface/simply trapping them so can’t enter substrate solution

45
Q

advantages of non-reproductive cloning

A

genetically identical so won’t be rejected by immune system, reduce problems of waiting for donor organs, totipotent so used to generate any cell type and repair damage otherwise can’t be repaired, less dangerous

46
Q

aseptic techniques

A

developed to reduce likelihood of contaminating medium with unwanted bacteria/fungi

47
Q

single-celled fungi grow as…

A

circular colonies- a mass of hyphae

48
Q

factors that affect growth of microorganisms in a fermenter

A

temperature, nutrients, oxygen, pH, concentration of product

49
Q

bioremediation

A

use of microorganisms to clean the soil and underground water on polluted sites

50
Q

advantages of bioremediation

A

uses natural systems, less labour/equipment, treatment in situ, few waste products, less risk of exposure to clean-up personnel

51
Q

disadvantages of bioremediation

A

only suitable for certain substances so can’t treat heavy metals

Year 13 Biology (15 decks)

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