Animal Responses Flashcards
communication system enables
detection of changes in the environment, cell signalling, coordination of effectors to carry out responses, suitable responses
CNS
brain and spinal cord
PNS
sensory and motor nerves outside the brain/spinal cord connecting the sensory receptors and effectors to CNS
effect of sympathetic system on activity
increases
effect of parasympathetic system on activity
decreases
somatic nervous system
motor neurones carry impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles under voluntary control
autonomic nervous system
motor neurones carry impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle in gut wall, glands - all involuntary
cerebrum
organises most of our higher thought processes e.g. memory, emotion, decision-making
cerebellum
coordinates movement and balance
hypothalamus and pituitary complex
organises homeostatic responses (water, temp) and controls physiological processes
medulla oblongata
coordinates many autonomic responses
reflex pathway
sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone
survival value of reflexes
get out of danger, avoid damage to body, maintain balance
survival reflexes in new-borns
sucking reflex, rooting, swimming, grasping
blinking reflex stimuli
foreign object touching eye (corneal), bright light (optical), loud sounds, sudden movements
what type of reflex is knee-jerk
spinal reflex
reflex when running/walking
action potentials sent to muscles at hamstring, stimulating it to contract, and inhibitory ap’s sent to synapse in reflex arc to prevent contraction of opposing muscle
what type of reflex is blinking
cranial
external threat receptors
eyes, ears, nose
internal threat receptors
pain or sudden increase/decrease in blood pressure
reflex action
a response that does not involve any processing in the brain
cyclic AMP
a secondary messenger released inside cells to activate a response
3 types of muscle
involuntary (smooth) muscle, skeletal (striated) muscle, cardiac muscle
neuromuscular junction
where a nerve meets a muscle, similar to a synapse
creatine phosphate
a compound in muscles that acts as a store of phosphates (combine with ADP) to make ATP rapidly
muscle tetanus
sustained muscle contraction when skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate
