Animal Responses

Question 1

communication system enables

Answer 1

detection of changes in the environment, cell signalling, coordination of effectors to carry out responses, suitable responses

Question 2

CNS

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

sensory and motor nerves outside the brain/spinal cord connecting the sensory receptors and effectors to CNS

Question 4

effect of sympathetic system on activity

Answer 4

increases

Question 5

effect of parasympathetic system on activity

Answer 5

decreases

Question 6

somatic nervous system

Answer 6

motor neurones carry impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles under voluntary control

Question 7

autonomic nervous system

Answer 7

motor neurones carry impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle in gut wall, glands - all involuntary

Question 8

cerebrum

Answer 8

organises most of our higher thought processes e.g. memory, emotion, decision-making

Question 9

cerebellum

Answer 9

coordinates movement and balance

Question 10

hypothalamus and pituitary complex

Answer 10

organises homeostatic responses (water, temp) and controls physiological processes

Question 11

medulla oblongata

Answer 11

coordinates many autonomic responses

Question 12

reflex pathway

Answer 12

sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone

Question 13

survival value of reflexes

Answer 13

get out of danger, avoid damage to body, maintain balance

Question 14

survival reflexes in new-borns

Answer 14

sucking reflex, rooting, swimming, grasping

Question 15

blinking reflex stimuli

Answer 15

foreign object touching eye (corneal), bright light (optical), loud sounds, sudden movements

Question 16

what type of reflex is knee-jerk

Answer 16

spinal reflex

Question 17

reflex when running/walking

Answer 17

action potentials sent to muscles at hamstring, stimulating it to contract, and inhibitory ap’s sent to synapse in reflex arc to prevent contraction of opposing muscle

Question 18

what type of reflex is blinking

Answer 18

cranial

Question 19

external threat receptors

Answer 19

eyes, ears, nose

Question 20

internal threat receptors

Answer 20

pain or sudden increase/decrease in blood pressure

Question 21

reflex action

Answer 21

a response that does not involve any processing in the brain

Question 22

cyclic AMP

Answer 22

a secondary messenger released inside cells to activate a response

Question 23

3 types of muscle

Answer 23

involuntary (smooth) muscle, skeletal (striated) muscle, cardiac muscle

Question 24

neuromuscular junction

Answer 24

where a nerve meets a muscle, similar to a synapse

Question 25

creatine phosphate

Answer 25

a compound in muscles that acts as a store of phosphates (combine with ADP) to make ATP rapidly

Question 26

muscle tetanus

Answer 26

sustained muscle contraction when skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate