Photosynthesis Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
A
Photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy by producing carbon compounds, which supply most of the chemical energy needed for life processes in ecosystems.
2
Q
How does photosynthesis begin?
A
Photosynthesis begins with the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll and other pigments in plant cells.
3
Q
What is the main product of photosynthesis?
A
The main product of photosynthesis is glucose, an energy-rich organic compound.
4
Q
What is carbon fixation in photosynthesis?
A
Carbon fixation is the process where plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and use captured light energy to convert it into glucose through a series of chemical reactions.
5
Q
How is glucose used by plants?
A
Glucose can be used immediately by the plant for cellular respiration, converted into starch for long-term storage, or used to synthesize other organic compounds like cellulose.
6
Q
Why is photosynthesis crucial for ecosystems?
A
Photosynthesis provides the primary energy source for most ecosystems, as the chemical energy stored in carbon compounds becomes available to other organisms through food chains and food webs.
7
Q
What important byproduct is released during photosynthesis?
A
Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which is crucial for aerobic respiration in most organisms.
8
Q
How does photosynthesis impact the global environment?
A
Photosynthesis plays a vital role in maintaining atmospheric oxygen levels, regulating the global carbon cycle, and supporting biodiversity by providing energy and organic compounds for diverse life forms.
9
Q
Why is understanding photosynthesis important for addressing global challenges?
A
Understanding photosynthesis is crucial for comprehending energy flow in ecosystems and addressing global challenges like climate change and food security.
10
Q
How do scientists use knowledge of photosynthesis in the search for extraterrestrial life?
A
Scientists looking for life on other planets and moons search for evidence of water and conditions suitable for photosynthesis, as these are considered essential for life as we know it.
11
Q
What is the simple word equation for photosynthesis?
A
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
12
Q
What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
A
The reactants in photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
13
Q
What are the products of photosynthesis?
A
The products of photosynthesis are glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).
14
Q
Where does the hydrogen used to produce glucose come from?
A
The hydrogen used to produce glucose comes from splitting water molecules during photosynthesis.
15
Q
What happens to water molecules during photosynthesis?
A
Water molecules are split (photolysis) to provide hydrogen for glucose production and release oxygen as a byproduct.
16
Q
What is the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?
A
Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms needed to form glucose molecules during photosynthesis.
17
Q
Why is glucose the primary product of photosynthesis?
A
Glucose is the primary product because it’s an energy-rich molecule that can be used immediately or stored for later use by the plant.
18
Q
How does photosynthesis contribute to the carbon cycle?
A
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and incorporates it into organic compounds, playing a crucial role in the global carbon cycle.
19
Q
What is the significance of oxygen production during photosynthesis?
A
Oxygen production during photosynthesis is crucial for maintaining atmospheric oxygen levels and supporting aerobic life forms.
20
Q
How does understanding this conversion process enhance our knowledge of plant biology?
A
Understanding this conversion process helps explain how plants produce their own food, store energy, and contribute to ecosystem functioning and global atmospheric composition.
21
Q
What is the simple word equation for photosynthesis?
A
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
22
Q
Where does the oxygen produced during photosynthesis come from?
A
The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from the splitting of water molecules.
23
Q
What organisms perform photosynthesis and produce oxygen as a by-product?
A
Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis and produce oxygen as a by-product.
24
Q
What is the process of splitting water molecules in photosynthesis called?
A
The process of splitting water molecules in photosynthesis is called photolysis.
25
Why is the production of oxygen during photosynthesis significant for life on Earth?
The production of oxygen during photosynthesis is significant because it maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supports aerobic life forms.
26
How does the production of oxygen as a by-product relate to the search for extraterrestrial life?
Scientists look for evidence of oxygen and water on other planets as potential indicators of photosynthetic life forms.
27
28
What happens to the hydrogen atoms from the split water molecules?
The hydrogen atoms from split water molecules are used in the production of glucose during photosynthesis.
29
How does understanding oxygen production in photosynthesis contribute to our knowledge of the carbon cycle?
Understanding oxygen production in photosynthesis helps explain how atmospheric oxygen is replenished and how carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, contributing to the global carbon cycle.
30
What role does chlorophyll play in the production of oxygen during photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll captures light energy, which is used to split water molecules, resulting in the production of oxygen as a by-product.
31
How does the production of oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis benefit aquatic ecosystems?
Oxygen produced by aquatic plants, algae, and cyanobacteria dissolves in water, providing dissolved oxygen necessary for aquatic organisms to breathe.
32
What is chromatography used for in photosynthesis studies?
Chromatography is used for the separation and identification of photosynthetic pigments.
33
What types of chromatography can be used to separate photosynthetic pigments?
Thin-layer chromatography or paper chromatography can be used.
34
How are photosynthetic pigments identified after chromatographic separation?
Photosynthetic pigments are identified by their color and Rf values.
35
What is an Rf value in chromatography?
Rf value is the ratio of the distance traveled by the pigment to the distance traveled by the solvent front.
36
How do you calculate the Rf value?
Rf value = (Distance traveled by pigment) / (Distance traveled by solvent front)
37
Why is it important to be able to separate and identify photosynthetic pigments?
Separating and identifying photosynthetic pigments helps understand the different pigments involved in photosynthesis and their roles.
38
What skills should students develop related to photosynthetic pigment chromatography?
Students should be able to perform chromatography, calculate Rf values, and identify pigments based on color and Rf values.
39
What are some common photosynthetic pigments that might be separated?
Common photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and xanthophylls.
40
How does the polarity of pigments affect their separation in chromatography?
More polar pigments interact more strongly with the stationary phase and travel less distance, while less polar pigments travel further.
41
Why might different plant species show different chromatography results?
Different plant species may have varying compositions of photosynthetic pigments, resulting in different chromatography patterns.
42
What happens to electrons in a pigment molecule when it absorbs light?
Electrons within the pigment molecule become excited and move to a higher energy state.
43
How is light energy transformed during photosynthesis?
Light energy is transformed into chemical energy when photosynthetic pigments absorb specific wavelengths of light.
44
Why do photosynthetic pigments absorb only certain wavelengths of light?
Each pigment has a unique molecular structure that determines which wavelengths it can absorb, allowing plants to utilize a broader spectrum of light.
45
What is an absorption spectrum?
An absorption spectrum shows the efficiency of light absorption at different wavelengths for a particular pigment or group of pigments.
46
What should be included on the horizontal axis of an absorption spectrum?
The horizontal axis of an absorption spectrum should include both wavelengths (in nanometers) and corresponding colors of light.
47
What does the vertical axis of an absorption spectrum represent?
The vertical axis of an absorption spectrum represents the amount of light absorbed.
48
Which regions of the spectrum does chlorophyll a absorb most efficiently?
Chlorophyll a shows absorption peaks in the blue and red regions of the spectrum.
49
How do the absorption peaks of chlorophyll b differ from chlorophyll a?
Chlorophyll b has slightly different absorption peaks compared to chlorophyll a, complementing its light-capturing ability.
50
In which region of the spectrum do carotenoids primarily absorb light?
Carotenoids primarily absorb light in the blue-green region of the spectrum.
51
Why do leaves appear green?
Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects green light while absorbing light in other parts of the visible spectrum.
52
What is an absorption spectrum?
An absorption spectrum shows how much light is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments at different wavelengths.
53
What is an action spectrum?
An action spectrum shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.
54
How is an absorption spectrum measured?
An absorption spectrum is measured using a spectrophotometer.
55
How is an action spectrum determined?
An action spectrum is determined by measuring oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption at various wavelengths of light.
56
What does the shape of an absorption spectrum typically show?
An absorption spectrum may have multiple peaks corresponding to different pigments.
57
What does the shape of an action spectrum typically show?
An action spectrum often has a single broad peak in the red and blue regions.
58
How do you plot an action spectrum?
Plot wavelength on the x-axis and rate of photosynthesis (measured by oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption) on the y-axis, then connect the data points to create a curve.
59
What does an absorption spectrum indicate?
An absorption spectrum indicates which wavelengths are absorbed by photosynthetic pigments, but not necessarily used for photosynthesis.
60
What does an action spectrum indicate?
An action spectrum shows which wavelengths of light are most effective for driving photosynthesis.
61
Why are both absorption and action spectra important in studying photosynthesis?
They provide complementary information about how different wavelengths of light are absorbed and utilized in photosynthesis, helping explain plant adaptations to different light environments.
62
What are three factors that can be varied to investigate limiting factors in photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity, and temperature.
63
How can carbon dioxide concentration be varied in an experiment?
Use sodium bicarbonate solutions of different concentrations or CO2 generators/CO2-enriched air.
64
How can light intensity be varied in an experiment?
Adjust distance between light source and plant, use light filters or different wattage bulbs, or employ light meters to measure intensity.
65
How can temperature be controlled in a photosynthesis experiment?
Use water baths or incubators, control room temperature, and monitor with thermometers.
66
What are some methods to measure the rate of photosynthesis?
Count oxygen bubbles from aquatic plants, measure changes in CO2 or O2 levels using gas sensors, or track biomass increase over time.
67
What is a hypothesis in the context of photosynthesis experiments?
A provisional explanation for the effects of limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis that requires repeated testing.
68
When can hypotheses be formed in scientific research?
Hypotheses can be based on theories and then tested in an experiment, or based on evidence from an experiment already carried out.
69
What is the dependent variable in a photosynthesis experiment?
The rate of photosynthesis, often measured by oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption.
70
What is an example of an independent variable in a photosynthesis experiment?
Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, or temperature.
71
Why is it important to control variables in a photosynthesis experiment?
To ensure that only the effect of the independent variable on the rate of photosynthesis is being measured.
72
What are the two main types of carbon dioxide enrichment experiments?
Enclosed greenhouse experiments and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments.
73
What is an enclosed greenhouse experiment?
An experiment conducted in a controlled environment where CO2 levels can be precisely regulated, allowing easier control of variables like temperature and humidity.
74
What is a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment?
An experiment conducted in open-air field conditions, where large rings of pipes release CO2 around plants in their natural habitat.
75
What advantage do FACE experiments have over enclosed greenhouse experiments?
FACE experiments provide a more realistic representation of ecosystem responses to increased CO2 levels.
76
What challenge do FACE experiments face compared to enclosed greenhouse experiments?
It is more challenging to control variables in outdoor settings during FACE experiments.
77
What can carbon dioxide enrichment experiments help predict?
These experiments can help predict how increased CO2 levels might affect photosynthesis rates, plant growth, biomass, crop yields, and ecosystem dynamics.
78
Why is careful control of variables crucial in experimental design?
Careful control of variables ensures that the observed effects can be attributed to the factor being studied (e.g., increased CO2 levels) rather than other influencing factors.
79
What is a key difference between laboratory and field experiments in terms of variable control?
Laboratory experiments offer more control over variables, while field experiments provide more realistic conditions but face challenges in controlling variables.
80
Why are some experiments only conducted in the field despite the challenges?
Some experiments can only be done in the field to accurately represent natural ecosystem responses and interactions that cannot be replicated in a laboratory setting.
81
What skill should students develop regarding variables in experiments?
Students should be able to identify controlled variables in an experiment.
82
What are photosystems?
Photosystems are arrays of pigment molecules located in membranes that can generate and emit excited electrons.
83
Where are photosystems found?
Photosystems are found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
84
What is the composition of a photosystem?
A photosystem is composed of chlorophyll and accessory pigments arranged in a molecular array, with a special chlorophyll molecule serving as the reaction center.
85
What is the function of the reaction center in a photosystem?
The reaction center is a special chlorophyll molecule from which an excited electron is emitted.
86
Why are photosystems always located in membranes?
Photosystems are always located in membranes to facilitate the transfer of excited electrons and to maintain the organization of the pigment molecules.
87
What types of pigments are found in photosystems?
Photosystems contain chlorophyll and accessory pigments.
88
How do photosystems contribute to photosynthesis?
Photosystems generate and emit excited electrons, which are crucial for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
89
What is the difference between photosystems in cyanobacteria and eukaryotes?
In cyanobacteria, photosystems are located in the cell membrane, while in eukaryotes, they are found in the chloroplast membranes.
90
What happens to the excited electrons emitted by the reaction center?
The excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors, initiating the electron transport chain in photosynthesis.
91
Why are accessory pigments important in photosystems?
Accessory pigments expand the range of light wavelengths that can be absorbed and transferred to the reaction center chlorophyll.
92
What is a key advantage of having different types of pigment molecules in a photosystem?
Increased light absorption across a wider range of wavelengths.
93
How does the arrangement of pigments in a photosystem enhance energy transfer?
It allows for efficient transfer of excitation energy between molecules, ultimately funneling it to the reaction center.
94
What stability benefit does the structured array of pigments provide?
It creates a stable environment for the pigments, protecting them from damage and maintaining their functionality.
95
How does the array of pigments improve light-capturing ability?
Multiple pigment molecules working together can capture more light energy than a single molecule, significantly increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.
96
What specialized roles can different pigments within the array perform?
Different pigments can perform specific functions, such as light-harvesting or acting as the reaction center, optimizing the overall process.
97
Why is a single molecule of chlorophyll or any other pigment insufficient for photosynthesis?
A single pigment molecule cannot perform any part of photosynthesis; the structured array of multiple pigment molecules is essential for converting light energy into chemical energy.
98
How does the structured array of pigments contribute to the efficiency of photosynthesis?
It allows for better light absorption, energy transfer, and specialized functions, making the overall process of photosynthesis more efficient.
99
What is photolysis in photosystem II?
Photolysis is the process of splitting water molecules using light energy in photosystem II.
100
What is the chemical equation for photolysis of water?
2H2O → 4H+ + 4e- + O2
101
What are the products of water photolysis?
Protons (H+), electrons (e-), and oxygen (O2).
102
How are the protons and electrons from photolysis used in photosynthesis?
Protons are used to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis, while electrons replace those lost from chlorophyll in the reaction center.
103
What is the status of oxygen produced during photolysis?
Oxygen is a waste product of photolysis and is not used in photosynthesis itself.
104
How did the advent of oxygen generation by photolysis affect Earth?
It led to the oxygenation of the atmosphere, allowed for the evolution of aerobic organisms, changed the chemistry of oceans and atmosphere, and contributed to the formation of the ozone layer.
105
What was a major consequence of oxygen-producing photosynthesis on early life forms?
It caused mass extinctions of anaerobic organisms and paved the way for the development of complex aerobic life forms.
106
Why is understanding photolysis in photosystem II important for studying Earth's history?
It helps explain the origin of atmospheric oxygen and its impact on the evolution of life on Earth.
107
What is chemiosmosis in thylakoids?
Chemiosmosis is the process of ATP production in thylakoids using a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
108
How is the proton gradient created in thylakoids?
The proton gradient is created by proton pumping through the chain of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane.
109
What is the role of ATP synthase in chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
110
What are the two types of photophosphorylation in thylakoids?
Cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
111
In cyclic photophosphorylation, where do the electrons come from?
In cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons are sourced from photosystem I.
112
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, where do the electrons come from?
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons are sourced from photosystem II.
113
What is the main difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Cyclic photophosphorylation involves only photosystem I, while non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves both photosystem I and II.
114
How does the electron transport chain contribute to ATP production?
The electron transport chain pumps protons into the thylakoid space, creating the proton gradient necessary for ATP synthesis.
115
What drives the movement of protons through ATP synthase?
The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane drives the movement of protons through ATP synthase.
116
Why is chemiosmosis important in photosynthesis?
Chemiosmosis is important because it produces ATP, which is essential for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
117
What is the role of photosystem I in NADP reduction?
Photosystem I provides high-energy electrons that are used to reduce NADP.
118
How many electrons does NADP accept during its reduction?
NADP accepts two electrons from photosystem I.
119
Where does the hydrogen ion that NADP accepts come from?
The hydrogen ion (proton) that NADP accepts comes from the stroma.
120
What is the result of NADP accepting two electrons and a hydrogen ion?
This process converts NADP+ to NADPH.
121
What are the correct paired terms for the oxidized and reduced forms of NADP?
"NADP and reduced NADP" or "NADP+ and NADPH"
122
Why is the reduction of NADP important in photosynthesis?
NADPH is essential for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis, where it's used to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
123
How does the reduction of NADP contribute to energy conversion in photosynthesis?
It helps convert light energy to chemical energy, storing energy from light reactions for use in the Calvin cycle.
124
What are thylakoids?
Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures in chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.
125
Where does the photolysis of water take place in thylakoids?
The photolysis of water occurs in photosystem II, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
126
Where does ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis occur in thylakoids?
ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis occurs on the ATP synthase enzymes, which are located in the thylakoid membrane.
127
Where does the reduction of NADP take place in thylakoids?
The reduction of NADP occurs at photosystem I, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
128
What is the function of the thylakoid membrane in photosynthesis?
The thylakoid membrane houses the photosystems, electron transport chain, and ATP synthase, all crucial for the light-dependent reactions.
129
How does the structure of thylakoids contribute to their function?
The stacked structure of thylakoids (grana) increases the surface area for light absorption and provides space for the organization of photosynthetic components.
130
What is the relationship between the thylakoid space and ATP synthesis?
The thylakoid space (lumen) accumulates protons, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis.
131
How do thylakoids contribute to the overall process of photosynthesis?
Thylakoids perform the light-dependent reactions, producing ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation.
132
What is Rubisco?
Rubisco is an enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
132
What are the substrates of the Rubisco-catalyzed reaction?
The substrates are RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) and CO2 (carbon dioxide).
132
What is the product of the Rubisco-catalyzed reaction?
The product is glycerate 3-phosphate.
133
Why is Rubisco considered the most abundant enzyme on Earth?
High concentrations of Rubisco are needed in the stroma of chloroplasts because it works relatively slowly and is not effective in low carbon dioxide concentrations.
134
Where does the Rubisco-catalyzed reaction take place in plant cells?
The reaction takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.
135
Why does Rubisco need to be present in high concentrations?
Rubisco works relatively slowly and is not effective in low carbon dioxide concentrations, so high concentrations are needed to maintain adequate rates of carbon fixation.
136
What is the significance of Rubisco in photosynthesis?
Rubisco is crucial for carbon fixation, which is the first major step of carbon assimilation in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
137
How does the abundance of Rubisco relate to its efficiency?
Despite being the most abundant enzyme on Earth, Rubisco is not very efficient, which is why such high concentrations are required for effective carbon fixation.
138
What is the starting molecule for triose phosphate synthesis?
Glycerate-3-phosphate (GP).
139
What is the end product of this synthesis?
Triose phosphate (TP).
140
What two molecules are required for the conversion of GP to TP?
NADPH and ATP.
141
What is the role of NADPH in this process?
NADPH provides reducing power to convert GP to TP.
142
What is the role of ATP in this process?
ATP provides energy for the conversion of GP to TP.
143
In which part of photosynthesis does this conversion occur?
This conversion occurs in the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions).
144
Why is this step important in photosynthesis?
It links the light-dependent reactions (which produce NADPH and ATP) to the Calvin cycle, allowing for the synthesis of carbohydrates.
145
What happens to NADPH and ATP during this process?
They are oxidized and hydrolyzed, respectively, becoming NADP+ and ADP + Pi.
146
What is the process of regenerating RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
Five molecules of triose phosphate (TP) are converted to three molecules of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
147
What is the significance of regenerating RuBP?
Regenerating RuBP allows the Calvin cycle to continue, enabling ongoing carbon fixation.
148
How many triose phosphate molecules are needed to regenerate RuBP?
Five triose phosphate molecules are needed to regenerate three RuBP molecules.
149
What role does ATP play in the regeneration of RuBP?
ATP provides the energy required for the conversion of triose phosphate back to RuBP.
150
What is the relationship between triose phosphate and glucose production?
If glucose is the product of photosynthesis, five-sixths of all triose phosphate produced must be converted back to RuBP.
151
Why is it important for the Calvin cycle to regenerate RuBP?
The regeneration of RuBP is essential for maintaining the cycle and allowing continuous carbon fixation from CO2.
152
In which part of photosynthesis does the regeneration of RuBP occur?
The regeneration of RuBP occurs in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis.
153
What happens to the remaining triose phosphate after some is converted back to RuBP?
The remaining triose phosphate can be used to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates.
154
What is the primary source of carbon for compounds in photosynthesizing organisms?
All carbon in compounds is fixed in the Calvin cycle.
155
What types of compounds can be synthesized using the products of the Calvin cycle?
Carbohydrates, amino acids, and other carbon compounds.
156
What is glycerate-3-phosphate (GP) in relation to the Calvin cycle?
GP is an intermediate product in the Calvin cycle that can be converted into various organic compounds.
157
How are carbon compounds other than glucose produced?
They are made by metabolic pathways that can be traced back to intermediates in the Calvin cycle.
158
Why is it important to understand the synthesis of various compounds from the Calvin cycle?
It highlights how plants utilize fixed carbon for growth and development beyond just glucose production.
159
What role do mineral nutrients play in the synthesis of compounds from the Calvin cycle?
Mineral nutrients are essential for various metabolic processes and enzyme functions necessary for synthesizing carbohydrates and amino acids.
160
What happens to triose phosphate (TP) produced in the Calvin cycle?
TP can be used to synthesize glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids, and other organic molecules through various metabolic pathways.
161
What is the relationship between light-dependent and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
162
How does a lack of light affect the light-dependent reactions?
A lack of light stops the light-dependent reactions, preventing ATP and NADPH production.
163
What is the consequence of stopping the light-dependent reactions?
Without ATP and NADPH, the Calvin cycle cannot proceed, halting the synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates.
164
How does a lack of CO2 affect photosystem II?
A lack of CO2 prevents photosystem II from functioning properly, as it relies on CO2 for carbon fixation.
165
What role does CO2 play in the Calvin cycle?
CO2 is essential for the Calvin cycle, as it is fixed into organic compounds using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions.
166
Why is it important to understand the interdependence of these two sets of reactions?
Understanding this interdependence highlights how environmental factors (light and CO2 availability) can impact overall photosynthetic efficiency.
167
What happens to photosynthesis if both light and CO2 are limited?
If both light and CO2 are limited, photosynthesis will be severely reduced, affecting plant growth and energy production.
168
How do plants adapt to changes in light and CO2 availability?
Plants may adjust their photosynthetic rates, leaf orientation, or stomatal openings to optimize light capture and CO2 uptake based on environmental conditions.
