Phonation

Question 1

Simultaneous attack:

Answer 1

air released as vocal folds compress (most words)

Question 2

Breathy attack

Answer 2

air released before vocal folds compress e.g Harry

Question 3

Glottal attack

Answer 3

folds compress before air is relased (all vowels)

Question 4

Phonation

Answer 4

sound production when expired air acts upon vocal folds and causes them to vibrate

Question 5

Phonation: Vocal cord vibration

Answer 5

abrupt cessation of airflow that creates the acoustic disturbance heard as voice

Question 6

Steps of vocal fold vibration

Answer 6

1. vocal folds compress
2. air pressure from trachea rises to exert pressure on vocal folds to push them apart
3. medial surfaces of the vocal folds separate at the bottom forst and then return to the midline at the bottom first (“mucosal wave”)
4. vocal folds “sucked” back together

Question 7

Bernoulli Effect

Answer 7

-‘if volume flow is constant velocity must increase at an area of constriction but have a correspinding decrease of pressure at the constriction’
- at vocal cords forced air pushes folds apart and negative pressure pulls them back together

Question 8

Fundamental Frequency

Answer 8

-rate of vocal fold vibration (hertz / Hz per second)
-determined by stiffness of vocal cords
-stiffer vocal cords= faster frequency = higher pitch
male ave= 220 Hz
female ave= 130 Hz

Question 9

Mechanics of longitudinal tension

Answer 9

changing length of teh vocal cords changes teh rate of vocal fold vibration = frequency

Question 10

Muscles of Fundamental Frequency

Answer 10

mechanisms of vocal fold stiffness= external force of cricothyroid muscle and internal force exterted through thyroarytenoid muscles

Question 11

Secondary mechnaisms of fundamental frequency

Answer 11

medial compression- amount can change the effective mass of the vibrating portions and thus change the pitch
laryngeal elevation or depression- alter vocal stiffness by changing pressure (depressed =lower pitch)

Question 12

Sound Pressure Level

Answer 12

-measure of magnitude of acoustic signal
-correalted to loudness
-sound intensity is realted to the energy used to produce it
-more energy = louder

Question 13

Phonation: development

Answer 13

During infancy and childhood the larynx enlarges (increases in mass) and descends within the neck
Fundamental frequency decreases across infancy and childhood in both boys and girls

Question 14

Phonation: Aging

Answer 14

Cartilages ossify and calcify, muscles atrophy, connective and epithelial tissues change
Glottal configuration may change with age
Overall slowing of movements

Question 15

Phonation: Gender

Answer 15

Fundamental frequency is related to vocal fold mass which is related to overall size (mostly height) and angle of the thyroid cartilage (sharper angle in males)