Axial Skeleton and Musculature

Question 1

Vertebral column: Segments

Answer 1

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
1 (4) Coccygeal Vertebrae (fused)
mneumonic(C7 T12 L5 S5 C1 4)

Question 2

Primary Curvatures

Answer 2

develop in utero
thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly

Question 3

Secondary Curvatures

Answer 3

develop after birth
cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly

Question 4

Vertebral Column: Spinous process

Answer 4

attachment for muscles and ligaments (pointy bit at back of vertebrae)

Question 5

Vertebral Column: Pedicle

Answer 5

forms vertebral arch, protects spinal cord (sides of vertebrae)

Question 6

Vertebral Column: Body

Answer 6

weight bearing

Question 7

Vertebral Column: Lamina

Answer 7

forms vertebral arch with pedicle and protects spinal cord

Question 8

Vertebral Column: Vertebral arch

Answer 8

hole within vertebrae that allign to house spinal cord

Question 8

Vertebral Column: Transverse Process

Answer 8

projections either side of spinous process, attachment for muscles and ligaments

Question 9

Vertebral Column: Vertebral Canal

Answer 9

long tube/ canal fomred when vertebrae are joined

Question 10

Vertebral Column: Intervertebral foramen

Answer 10

smaller spaces between vertebrae that allow nerves to pass between spinal cord and body

Question 11

Anterior Intervertebral Joints

Answer 11

-formed between vertebrae
-thicker in cervical and lumbar regions, increase range of motion in these regions
-25% of vertebral column length

Question 12

Structure of Intervertebral Joints: Annulus Fibrosis

Answer 12

outer laminae of fibro cartilage, surrounds nucleus pulposus

Question 13

Structure of Intervertebral Joints: Nucleus Pulposus

Answer 13

-gelatinous hydrophilic substance
-shock absorbing

Question 14

Rectus Abdominus

Answer 14

-attaches at coxal bone and 5th 6th and 7th costal cartiladges and lower sternum
- depresses lower ribs and sternum
- runs vertically

Question 15

Transvere abdominus

Answer 15

-attaches at coxal bone and lower 3 or 4 ribs
-pulls the lower ribs downward
-forces the front and side abdominal wall inward
-runs horizontally
-underneath transverse abdominus

Question 16

External obliques

Answer 16

-attaches at coxal bone and lower 8 ribs
-pulls lower 8 ribs downward
-forces the front and side of the abdominal wall inward

Question 17

Internal obliques

Answer 17

-attaches at the coxal bone and lower 3 or 4 ribs
-pulls the lower ribs downward
-forces the front and side abdominal wall inward

Question 18

Scalene Muscles

Answer 18

-3 paired muscles in the lateral neck
-anterior scalene
-middle scalene
-posterior scalene

Question 19

Cervical vertebrae features

Answer 19

-triangular vertebral foramen
-bifid spinous process (split in 2)
- transverse foramena (holes in transverse process)
-small body

Question 20

Thoracic vertebrae features

Answer 20

-prsesence of costal facets on transverse process
-demi facets on body
heart shaped body
-long thin vertically directed spinous process

Question 21

lumbar vertebrae features

Answer 21

-large vertebral body
-short and thick spinous process that extends perpendicular

Question 22

sacral vertebrae features

Answer 22

-small foramen
-large and fused