Axial Skeleton and Musculature Flashcards
Vertebral column: Segments
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
1 (4) Coccygeal Vertebrae (fused)
mneumonic(C7 T12 L5 S5 C1 4)
Primary Curvatures
develop in utero
thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly
Secondary Curvatures
develop after birth
cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly
Vertebral Column: Spinous process
attachment for muscles and ligaments (pointy bit at back of vertebrae)
Vertebral Column: Pedicle
forms vertebral arch, protects spinal cord (sides of vertebrae)
Vertebral Column: Body
weight bearing
Vertebral Column: Lamina
forms vertebral arch with pedicle and protects spinal cord
Vertebral Column: Vertebral arch
hole within vertebrae that allign to house spinal cord
Vertebral Column: Transverse Process
projections either side of spinous process, attachment for muscles and ligaments
Vertebral Column: Vertebral Canal
long tube/ canal fomred when vertebrae are joined
Vertebral Column: Intervertebral foramen
smaller spaces between vertebrae that allow nerves to pass between spinal cord and body
Anterior Intervertebral Joints
-formed between vertebrae
-thicker in cervical and lumbar regions, increase range of motion in these regions
-25% of vertebral column length
Structure of Intervertebral Joints: Annulus Fibrosis
outer laminae of fibro cartilage, surrounds nucleus pulposus
Structure of Intervertebral Joints: Nucleus Pulposus
-gelatinous hydrophilic substance
-shock absorbing
Rectus Abdominus
-attaches at coxal bone and 5th 6th and 7th costal cartiladges and lower sternum
- depresses lower ribs and sternum
- runs vertically
Transvere abdominus
-attaches at coxal bone and lower 3 or 4 ribs
-pulls the lower ribs downward
-forces the front and side abdominal wall inward
-runs horizontally
-underneath transverse abdominus
External obliques
-attaches at coxal bone and lower 8 ribs
-pulls lower 8 ribs downward
-forces the front and side of the abdominal wall inward
Internal obliques
-attaches at the coxal bone and lower 3 or 4 ribs
-pulls the lower ribs downward
-forces the front and side abdominal wall inward
Scalene Muscles
-3 paired muscles in the lateral neck
-anterior scalene
-middle scalene
-posterior scalene
Cervical vertebrae features
-triangular vertebral foramen
-bifid spinous process (split in 2)
- transverse foramena (holes in transverse process)
-small body
Thoracic vertebrae features
-prsesence of costal facets on transverse process
-demi facets on body
heart shaped body
-long thin vertically directed spinous process
lumbar vertebrae features
-large vertebral body
-short and thick spinous process that extends perpendicular
sacral vertebrae features
-small foramen
-large and fused
