Larynx

Question 1

Larynx Overall Functions

Answer 1

-Protection of airways
-enable one to hold breath /. breathe
-produces phonation

Question 2

Larynx Structural components

Answer 2

-Hyoid Bone
-Thyroid Cartilage
-Cricoid Cartilage
-Epiglottis
-Corniculate Cartilages
-Arytenoid Cartilages

Question 3

Larynx Positioning

Answer 3

-Suspended from Hyoid Bone
-Superior to trachea
-anterior to oesophagus

Question 4

Ventricular folds (false vocal folds)

Answer 4

-superior to true vocal folds
-function for protection of airways
-prevent food entering trachea when swallowing
-draped in mucosa

Question 5

Supraglottal region / Vestibule

Answer 5

-false vocal cords (walls)
-laryngeal ventricle (space)

Question 6

Rima Glottis

Answer 6

-between true vocal folds

Question 7

Subglottal Antium

Answer 7

-below true vocal folds
-conus elasticus (walls)

Question 8

Pyriform Sulcus

Answer 8

-lateral to aditus laryngis
-allows for fluid to bypass teh larynx between swallows
-transit for food and liquid during swallowing

Question 9

True Vocal Folds

Answer 9

-vocal ligament
-formed by superficial border of conus elasticus

Question 10

True Vocal Cords structure: superficial –> deep

Answer 10

Cover:
-epithelium
-superficial layer of lamina propria
-intermediate layer of lamina propria
Body:
-deep layer of lamina propria
-vocalis muscle

Question 11

True Vocal Cords: Superior View

Answer 11

Membranous part is anterior (front) and lies between thyroid cartilage and tips of vocal processes of arytenoid cartilages
-60% of length
Cartilaginous part is posterior (back) lies between the vocal processes and most rear point on medial surface of arytenoid cartilages
-40% of length

Question 12

Vocal Fold Movements

Answer 12

-abduction (open/away from midline)
-adduction/medial compression (closed / toward midline)

Question 13

Laryngeal Joints: Cricoarytenoid Joints

Answer 13

-between arytenoid and cricoid cartilages
-allows for vocal cords to open and close to varying degrees (adduct/abduct/medial compression)
-due to rocking / twisting/ sliding motion

Question 14

Laryngeal Joints: Cricothyroid Joint

Answer 14

-between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
-rotating and gliding allows thyroid cartilage to move forward and back –> tension change of vocal cords
-pitch changes

Question 15

Glottis

Answer 15

combination of the space between the vocal cords (rima glottis) and the vocal cords

Question 16

Glottis Shapes: normal respiration

Answer 16

abducted

Question 17

Glottis Shapes: forced respiration

Answer 17

wider abduction

Question 18

Glottis Shapes: Phonation

Answer 18

adduction/medial compression

Question 19

Larynx Musculature: Intrinsic vs Extrinsic

Answer 19

Intrinsic- fine adjustments associated with control of phonation
Extrinsic - Laryngeal musculature system works as a unit
-laryngeal elevation
-laryngeal depression

Question 20

Laryngeal Musculature: Intrinsic

Answer 20

-origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages
-innervation by vagus (X) nerve
-open and close vocal cords
-tense and relax vocal cords
-types=
adductors/abductors,
tensors/ relaxers
auxillary musculature

Question 21

Laryngeal Musculature: Extrinsic

Answer 21

-have one attchment to non laryngeal structure
-elevate or depress the larynx
major types=
hyoid and laryngeal elevators
hyoid and laryngeal depressors
e.g Sternohyoid and mylohyoid

Question 22

Vocal fold adjustments: Voiced vs Voiceless Sounds

Answer 22

-voiced= adduction
-voiceless= abduction

Question 23

Vocal Fold Adduction : Muscles involved

Answer 23

-movemnet towards teh midline
-Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles - adduct the anterior 2/3s of vocal cords
-arytenoid Muscles adduct the posterior 1/3 of vocal cords

Question 24

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle

Answer 24

-closes glottis anteriorly (2/3)
- attaches at lateral margins of the cricoid cartilage and muscular process of teh arytenoid cartiladges
-swings arytenoids forward and down in adduction

Question 25

Arytenoid Muscles: obliques and transverse

Answer 25

action: close glottis by drawing arytenoids together posteriorly (1/3)
-attachments at left and right arytenoid cartilages
-transverse runs horrizontally between arytenoids
-obliques join in an x shape

Question 26

Vocal Fold Abduction : muscles involved

Answer 26

-movement of folds away from the midline
-posterior cricoarytenoid muscles= primary abductors
-conuc elasticus = weaker abductor with downward pull

Question 27

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Answer 27

action= open glottis
-attaches at cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages (muscular processes)
-rotates arytenoids and separates vocal folds

Question 28

Vocal fold Length Change

Answer 28

-lengthen with contraction of cricothyroid muscles
-shorten with contraction of thyroarytenoid muscles

Question 29

Tensor Muscle: Cricothyroid

Answer 29

action= stretch and thin the vocal folds
attches at anterior cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
-contracts and tilts the the thyroid cartilage forward, tensing vocal folds

Question 30

Tensor Muscle: Thyroarytenoid Muscles

Answer 30

• attach at internal thyroid cartilage near notch and arytenoid cartilages
  -inner parts = Thyrovocalis –> chnage tension and modify sound produced
  -outer parts= Thyromuscularis –> pull arytenoids closer to thyroid cartilage and thus shorten/ bulk up vocal cords

Question 31

Vebbtricular fold (false vocal cords) adjustments

Answer 31

• configuration and position changes with contributions of upward extending fibres of aryepiglottic and thyroepiglottic muscles

Question 32

Epiglottic adjustments

Answer 32

configuration and position chnages with contributions of aryepiglottic muscles

Question 33

Hyoid and Laryngeal Elevators

Answer 33

-suprahyoid muscles
- stylohyoid / mylohyoid / hyoglossus / digastric
-superior to hyoid bone to constrict to raise the larynx
-elevate laryngeaus aditus (laryngeal opening) so epiglottis covers it in our swallow
-elevation can cause tension in conus elasticus and increase pitch

Question 34

Hyoid and Laryngeal Depressors

Answer 34

Infrahyoid Muscles:
- thyrohyoid / omohyoid / sternohyoid / sternothyroid
-contract and depress the hyoid bone and larynx
- may reduce tension in conus elasticus and decrease pitch

Question 35

Innervation of Laryngeal Muscles

Answer 35

-branches of Vagus Nerve (CN X)
-superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve