Philosophy Flashcards
study and pursuit of facts which deal with the ultimate reality or causes of things as they affect life
Philosophy
allowed liberal ideas to flow into the archipelago
Opening of suez Canal 1869
provide a fertile ground in the country for the seeds of revolution to flourish
Socio-economic and political condition
stresses belief in the ability of men and women to establish functioning social communities without the need for apparatus of state
Anarchism
advocates destruction of the existing society by revolution for the birth of a new and better one
Anarchism
They claim that the state is parasite and an enemy of the people.
Bakunin and kropotkin
They encourage the abolition of private property and the exposition of fraud in the guise religion.
Bakunin and kropotkin
They glorify revolution as the only way to effect change.
Bakunin and kropotkin
“Man is naturally good but he is corrupted by his institution or society”
Bakunin
Leading theorist of Anarchism
Bakunin
He hated all forms of authority, believing that society must be organized from the bottom upwards by a spontaneous cooperation and association.
Bakunin
Types of anarchism
Classical anarchy
Anarcho-Individualist
Anarcho-Syndicalist
kind of anarchy where violence is a necessity to uproot the old system to counter resistance of the ruling class
Classical Anarchy
intensely critical of social and political roles of religion in deceiving the people
Classical anarchy
praises the role of trade unions, advocates general strikes and prefers civil disobedience
Anarcho-syndicalist
basis is the supreme value of importance of individual freedom. This freedom is deemed as the superior moral right of man against any law or policy of the state. An individual bases his civil disobedience on personal and ethical consideration.
Anarcho-syndicalist
one’s protest may be in form of radical pacifism, renouncing revolutionary violence against the state.
Anarcho-Individualist
predict the revolution between the capitalist and the proletariat: the trio of thesis, antithesis and synthesis that results to the success of the proletariat.
Communism
based on the theories of Marx as interpreted and modified by Lenin
Communism
their long-range goal is a society that provides equality and economic security for all
Communism
A theory and system of social and political organization that was a major force in world politics for much of the 20th
Communism
sought to overthrow capitalism through a worker’s revolution and establish a system in which property is owned by the community as a whole rather than by individuals
Communism
T/G
In theory, communism would create aclassless societyof abundance and freedom, in which all people enjoy equal social and economic status.
T
T/F
Communists believe that only a violent revolution could improve the plight of workingmen
T
ideology that seeks to preserve the status quo who, when change becomes necessary in tested institutions and practices, prefers that it come slowly, and in moderation
Conservatism (william safire)
may be taken as cautionary measure to change
Conservatism
He argued that man’s natural state was war. Governments, particularly a monarchy, was necessary to restrain man’s bestial tendencies because life without government was a “state of nature.”
Thomas Hobbes
He argued men must give up to government certain rights. Without government, life would basically be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”—a constant struggle to survive against the evil of others.
Hobbes
was the first strong exponent of conservatism
Edmund Burke
He contended that to get power and stay in power, a ruler had to forget his ideals. He learned that by nature, humans are not good, kind, loyal or honest.
Niccolo Machiavelli
“ A wise ruler… cannot and should not observe faith when it is to his disadvantage and the causes that made him give his promise have vanished. If men were all good, this advice would not be good, but since men are wicked and do not keep their promises to you, you likewise do not have to keep yours to them.”
Niccolo Machiavelli
Believed that the state should be all-powerful. He said that every political act had only one means of measure—success
Niccolo Machiavelli
state is viewed as an organ, the product of a healthy society, a living organism, whose parts are subordinate to and contributory to the welfare of the whole
Organicism
Means excellence
Arete
from the word ‘ARETE’ meaning excellence, this is the rule of the best where the members of a community place confidence on a distinct group and doubt the capacity of the masses to rule
Aristocracy
views the separation of the church and state as undesirable. State and church must shared equal power.
Clericalism
was very popular during the middle age, it justifies absolute monarchy
Divine Right Theory
Politics was merged with religious beliefs that serve as persuasive sanction. I t advocates the idea that leaders derived their power from God . The leaders are the representatives of God. This was later changed by political thinkers who separated politics from religion and moral ethics
Divine Right Theory
traditions and institutions are generally considered the best since they have been tested by time.
Traditionalism
concept where the aristocratic group is to play parents of the masses as children, under the tutelage of the latter. It is a tyrant-slave mentality, a form of oppression
Paternalism
practice of submitting oneself to authority and subordination to basic institutions. These are ascribed to the role assigned to leaders as part of the organic social whole and are presumed to be just and legitimate.
Compliance
this concept claims that man shapes society and society is shaped by man. Society therefore, is the reflection of man’s nature and collective behavior in a particular polity
Social Pessimism
Corollary to this, it claims that social ills cannot be blamed on the defects of a social system alone but are imputed also on the nature, weakness and defects of man himself.
Social Pessimism
Places its faith in the rationality and goodness of man. It expresses demand for freedom of expression and equality of opportunity.
Liberalism
postulates that men are born equal yet, this doctrine admits that men differ in incidences and accidents
Liberalism
expresses demand for freedom of expression and equality of opportunity
Liberalism
claims that man is a rational being, endowed with natural rights such as life, liberty and property. Man entered into a covenant with the government.
Natural Right Liberalism (John Locke)
said to be the prophet of democracy and the main proponent of natural rights liberalism
John Locke
Book that says “man by nature is selfish, cruel and always seeking for his self-glorification”
Leviathan
According to him, men formed governments largely to preserve life, liberty, and property, and to assure justice. If governments act improperly, they break their “contract” with the people and therefore no longer enjoy the consent of the governed.
John Locke
Everything is good when it leaves the hands of the creator but everything degenerates in the hands of man”. “Man is born free but everywhere in chains”
Jean Jacques Rousseau
claimed that man is inherently good but the false values of society corrupt him. He claimed that a people’s consent alone legitimizes government and the processes of decision-making must be participated by all.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
He said that it is the right of the people to stage civil disobedience or to take up arms when a government breaks its covenant with them. He prescribes eternal vigilance on the part of the governed against their people
Jean Jacques Rousseau
justifies inequalities if such inequalities are necessitated by the common weal and where there is freedom coupled with maturity.
Utilitarian liberalism
ideology believes in the relativeness of truth and in the freedom of expression
Utilitarian liberalism
takes evolution as one of the laws of nature. While it discourages aid to the unfits of society, it is optimistic that in the far-off future, man will achieve the ideal state.
Social Darwinist Liberalism
is a political theory based on Darwin’s theory on natural selection, that is, the process whereby individual variations or peculiarities that are of advantage in a certain environment tend to become perpetuated in the race (survival of the fittest). Thus the belief that some people were born to rule and others were destined to serve others.
Evolution
T/F
Darwin believed that betterment is the outcome of fast and steady processes
F (slow)
This theory which began with Plato
Social contract
This is in contrast with Divine Right theory
Social contract
Kings derive their power from the people. While the rulers have the obligation to look after the general welfare, the people have the obligation to support their rulers. When governance is oppressive it is the right of the people to overthrow such government.
Social contract
is the belief that people are free and equal by God-given right and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed
Social contract
This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler.
Social contract
an advocacy that religious influence should be restricted in education, morality, and politics and economic. The state must be independent of religion.
Secularism
Derived from the Latin word “DEUS” meaning God
Deism
The “ New Theology” of the enlightenment philosophers, which constructed the theory of natural revelation as a substitute for the Christian notion of supernatural revelation”.
Deism
Denies the occurrence of miracles and mysteries and encourages man to see and feel the message of the Supreme Being through nature.
Deism
A movement or system of thought advocating natural religion, emphasizing morality and in the 18th century denying the interference of the creator with the laws of the universe.
Deism
T/F
The deists believed that God stayed out of people’s daily lives and praying was useless.
T
Rituals were viewed as unimportant, and religious differences were viewed as silly.
Deism
accepted the teachings of deism.
Francois Arouet
began in 14th century Italy.
Humanism
“If there were no God, it would be necessary to invent one.”
Francois Arouet
taught people to live a full life and welcome new experiences.
Humanist
