PHILO Flashcards
PHILOSOPHERS
Socrates
469/470-
399 BCE
Plato
(428/427
-
348/347
BCE)
Aristotle
384-322
BCE
He is the founder of the systematic, and
scientific examination in the area of human
knowledge. He is known, in his time, as
“the man who knew everything.”
Socrates
His followers considered him pre-eminent
Greek philosopher, known for his
Dialogues, and for founding his Academy
north of Athens, traditionally considered
the first university in the western world.
Plato
He is one of the Greek philosophers, who is
considered as the father of western
philosophy.
Aristotle
fundamental level is the world made
out of
water, or air, or fire, or earth,
one of the Greek philosophers, is
named as the Father of Western Philosophy.
Socrates,
Father of Western Philosophy.
Socrates,
“the
man who knew everything”
Socrates,
was the first philosopher who systematically studied,
recorded, and criticized previous philosophers’ work.
Aristotle
concentrated on his philosophical theory combined the approaches of
the schools of both Thales and Pythagoras
Plato
comes from the two classical Greek
words: “Philos” means “love” and “Sophia” means “wisdom.”
“philosophy”
means “love”
“Philos”
means “wisdom.”
“Sophia”
is defined as “love of wisdom”
Philosophy
Process of Doing Philosophy:
begins in wonder.
engages in reflection or thinking.
entails the formulation and evaluation of
argument.
“examined life”
Plato’s
calls these two kinds of thinking “primary” and “secondary”
reflection
Marcel
One of the benefits of the primary reflection as purported by
is that it trains the mind to have a logical thinking.
Gabriel Marcel
According to Pannone (2017), thinkers found
the answers. Yet, the answers need to be
critiqued, reformulated, and challenged
And as a thinking being, a human person can
reflect
formulate
evaluate
Branch of philosophy that focuses
on the analysis of arguments.
LOGIC
Group of statement that
appears to be
arguments, but fail to
support the conclusions.
FALLACY
Attacking the person
presenting the argument
instead of the argument
itself.
Argumentum ad Hominem
Baculum means scepter or stick. A
scepter is a symbol of authority.
Argumentum ad Baculum
(Appeal to force)
Misercordiam came from Latin word
Misercodia which means pity or
compassion. A person uses emotion
such as pity to convince someone.
Argumentum ad Misercordiam
(Appeal to pity)
Populum is the latin word for
people. Most of TV commercials are
guilty of this argument which exploit
people’s vanity, desires etc.
Argumentum ad Populum
(Appeal to people/bandwagon)
Traditio means tradition. Advancing
an idea since it has been practice
for a long time. The idea is
acceptable because it has been true
for being a long time.
Argumentum ad Tradition
(Appeal to tradition)
Ignorantiam a latin word for
ignorance. Whatever has been
proven false must be true and vice
versa.
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
(Appeal to ignorance)
The fallacy is committed when one
reaches generalization based on
insufficient evidence.
Hasty Generalization
(Begging the Question)
- A fallacy in which a conclusion is
taken for granted in the premises is
true.
- Assuming the thing or idea to
Petitio Principii
assuming that what is true of a part
is also true for the whole.
Fallacy of Composition
Assuming a claim on a cause and
effect relationship between unrelated
events.
Post Hoc (False Cause)
assuming that what is true of a part
is also true for the whole.
Fallacy of Composition –
assuming
that what is true for the whole is
also true of its.
Fallacy of Division
using a
word that has the same spelling or
sound, but it has different meaning.
Fallacy of Equivocation
clear awareness and
understanding of something that
is based on reality. It simply
means that what we know is
what is observable or evident in
the real world.
Knowledge
propositions or statements which
are observed to be real, truthful,
actual, and certain. It is
something that has occurred or
has been proven correct.
Facts
statement that is not evidently or
immediately known to be true.
This implies that any claim can
be proven by verification and
experimentation. It can either be
factual or judgment. We make
claims when stating our opinions
or sharing facts with others.
Claim
Something that has existed, and
will exist.
Claim of Fact
Asserts judgment whether it is
good or bad, more or less.
Claim of
Value
Something that should be or
should not be done.
Claim of
Policy
The first thing to consider when evaluating and assessing an opinion is knowing
the origin of the material.
Source
Credibility is also required when checking the accuracy of the person giving
the opinion. Consider the reputation and the expertise of the person about the topic.
Reliability
Identify the main reason why the opinion is given. Evaluate if it is intended to
inform or persuade. Consider reason and evidence in doing this step.
Purpose
– prejudice in favor of or against one person, thing or group compared with another,
usually in a way considered to be unfair.
Bias
– ideas that one accepts as facts but makes no effort to prove it. A thing that
is accepted as true or as certain to happen without proof.
Assumption
is the general term commonly used to refer
to the entire human race.
Man
refers to man as a species - homo
sapiens sapiens. The term human being is also
used to distinguish man from other animals.
Human
is a much more complex term that
generally refers to a human being granted
recognition of certain protections, responsibilities,
and dignity.
Person
refers to the characteristics that
distinguish humans from all other creatures. These
traits are assumed to arise independently of the
influence of culture and society.
Human nature
Human beings by nature are limited. This limitation is caused by having
our bodies. To understand the human person, Plato asserted that man is
composed of body and soul.
Dualistic Point of View of Human Being
Aristotle is a student of Plato. However, they do differ in their
understanding of man. Aristotle asserts that there is no division between the
body and the soul.
Union Between Body and Soul
Man has a body. However, he is not only a walking body. Man is
equipped with rationality. According to Aristotle, rationality is what separates
man from all other animals.
Man as a Rational Being
These are the things in our life that are already
given. It points-out to the things in our life that are already given like our life,
gender, parents, and status in life.
Facticity
Because of our body, we are limited by space
and time. At times, we are too engrossed in our past or very anxious about
what will happen to us.
Spatial-Temporal Being-
involves the love of other things
(biophilia)
the love
of other beings
(cosmophilia).
is one of the major views that defines our relationship
with the environment. What is this all about? This “ism” focuses on humanity’s role
in the world.
Anthropocentrism
is another view that asserts that all living things found in the
cosmos are equally important. It means that human life is equally important with
all life forms in the ecosystem.
Biocentrism
