PHED1-June 2014

Question 1

Name two health related components of fitness and explain how each is used when playing badminton.

Answer 1

Stamina-last the whole game without tiring.
Strength-to be able to hit the shuttle to the back of the court/hit with force.
Speed-to move quickly to another area of the court.
Power-to play a smash shot.
Flexibility-to be able to reach shot.
ME-to play repeated shots during rally.

Question 2

What are the possible physiological effects of a lack of water on a performer?

Answer 2

Increased body temperature.
Reduced sweating.
Increased blood viscosity.
Increased heart rate.
Lower blood pressure.
Lower cardiac output.
Headaches/fainting.

Question 3

Explain the term anticipatory rise.

Answer 3

Increase in heart rate prior to exercise caused by the release of adrenaline.

Question 4

Identify and explain the role of different receptors involved in increasing heart rate.

Answer 4

Chemoreceptors-detect increase in blood acidity/decrease pH/increase CO2.
Proprioceptors/mechanoreceptors-detect movement/muscle contractions.
Baroreceptors-detect decrease in blood pressure.
Impulses sent to cardiac control centre.
Increase in impulses to the SA node via the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 5

State on mechanical advantage for the 2nd order lever system.

Answer 5

Overcomes heavy loads/weight.

Large forces can be generated/reduced effort needed.

Question 6

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 6

Combines with water to form carbonic acid.
Combined with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin.
Dissolved in plasma.

Question 7

Describe how the process of inspiration and expiration differ at rest and during exercise.

Answer 7

Inspiration:
Rest-external intercostal muscles contract, rib cage moves up and out/diaphragm contracts and flattens.
Exercise-sternocleidomastoid/scalenes/pectoralis minor contract.
Exercise-allows thoracic cavity to increase in size/greater pressure diff.
Expiration:
Rest-external intercostal muscles relax/diaphragm relaxes.
Rest-passive process.
Exercise-internal intercostal muscles/abdominals contract.
Pulls rib cage down faster to force air out more quickly.
Exercise-becomes active process.

Question 8

Name two types of sensory information used in tennis.

Answer 8

Visual/auditory/touch/kinaesthetic/balance.

Question 9

When playing tennis, occasionally the ball hits the top of the net and the receiver has to adjust their response. This causes a delay in the final respone. Explain why this occurs.

Answer 9

Psychological refractory period.
Can only deal with one stimulus at one time.
Second stimulus arrives in close succession.
One signal must be cleared before another can be responded to.
Due to single channel hypothesis/Hick’s law.

Question 10

Performers often use anticipation to improve response time. Explain the term anticipation.

Answer 10

Attempting to predict that a movement will happen.
Spatial anticipation-predicting what/where a movement will happen eg type of pass.
Temporal anticipation-predicting when something will happen eg speed of the ball.

Question 11

Outline the function of selective attention.

Answer 11

Filters irrelevant information and selects relevant information.
Receives information from the short term sensory store.
Passes information to the short term memory.
Speeds up decision making process.
Speeds up the decision making process.

Question 12

Describe how a coach can improve selective attention for a performer.

Answer 12

Relevant practice/learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli eg the crowd.
Mental rehearsal/imagery.
Increase stimulus intensity.
Make stimuli relate to past experience.
Highlight specific cues.
Optimal arousal levels.

Question 13

Using examples explain the difference between cognitive and psychomotor skills.

Answer 13

Cognitive skills-mental/thinking skills eg devising tactics/developing a routine or sequence.
Psychomotor skills-analysing the situation and completing the skill eg defender sees an attacker in space and then moves to cover them.

Question 14

Classify the skill of taking a penalty using the 3 continua.

Answer 14

Closed, self-paced, discrete.

Question 15

Explain how shooting at a goal during general play may alter the continua.

Answer 15

Closed becomes open-affected by the environment need to make decisions due to opponents or team mates.
Self-paced becomes externally paced-environment decides when player shoots.

Question 16

Outline how feedback may differ between students in the associative and autonomous stages of learning.

Answer 16

Associative stage:
Mainly extrinsic feedback.
Aim to eliminate gross errors/mistakes.
As a performer improves intrinsic feedback more relevant.
Kinaesthetic being developed.
Autonomous stage:
Mainly intrinsic feedback/kinaesthetic.
Ability to correct own errors.
Extrinsic feedback is more detailed.
Can deal with negative feedback.

Question 17

Suggest reasons why a teacher may decide to use insight learning during a lesson rather than operant conditioning.

Answer 17

Operant conditioning-developing a specific stimulus-response bond.
Insight learning:
Developing an understanding of the whole problem.
Develops more independent learners/students have to think more.
Develops greater understanding of relationships between subroutines.
Able to modify/adapt actions or skill in a new situation.
Increased motivation for students.
Encourages decision making.

Question 18

Using examples suggest how the characteristics of play may be included into a physical education lesson.

Answer 18

Fun-fun warm up games.
Spontaneous-pupils choose activity.
Creative-pupils making games.
Negotiable rules-pupils make up rules.
Develop communication-teamwork/social through working together.
Self-officiated-no external officials.

Question 19

How can individuals experience football as active leisure and as a sport?

Answer 19

Active leisure-voluntary/in own time/intrinsic rewards/non-standardised pitch.
Sport-more extrinsic-rewards/training/competitive/institutionalised eg set time, place, rules.

Question 20

Identify the similarities and differences between the early syllabuses of physical training (1904 and 1909) and the current national curriculum.

Answer 20

Sims-both concerned with health promotion/fitness, both compulsory, both centralised policies, both develop motor skills.
Diffs-early model narrow activities/NC range of activities, early model non-specialist teachers/NC specialist PE teacher, early model practical performance only/NC other roles eg leadership, early model uniform response and command style/NC individual response and range of teaching styles, early model prepare for war/NC lifelong learning and education.

Question 21

Outline the technical developments that occurred to games in public schools.

Answer 21

Introduction of kit/uniform.
Fixed playing areas/equipment eg goal posts.
Codification/rules/time limit.
Officials introduced.
Inter-house/school matches.
Strategies/tactics developed.
Developed skills.

Question 22

What is meant by the terms stereotyping and inclusiveness?

Answer 22

Stereotyping-shared image/simplistic generalisations of a group of people.
Inclusiveness-including all kinds of people/policies which aim to encourage participation based on individual’s needs/make them feel part of society.

Question 23

Explain how stereotyping and inclusiveness have impacted in participation rates for people with disabilities.

Answer 23

Stereotyping:
Participation rates low.
Image that sport unsafe for disabled.
Restricts disabled people to certain sports/led to discrimination.
Disability sport involves low standards of performance/unable to perform.
Inclusiveness:
Increase participation.
Equal opportunity policies developed.
Led to new adapted sports/specialised facilities and coaches.
Integrated when suitable.

Question 24

What are the characteristics of public sector for provision of leisure?

Answer 24

Run by local authority.
Provide for needs for a community.
Trading on set prices.
Money from taxation.
Facilities not as good as private sector.
Can be pay as you go.
Best value.

Question 25

Explain the potential benefits to society of increasing participation rates in physical activity.

Answer 25

Health/fitness results in reduced cost to NHS.
People buy equipment/use facilities results in economic benefit.
People join clubs results in better integration of community.
Keeps people occupied in acceptable activities results in reduced crime rate.
Wider participation base results in more chance of success at elite level.
Increase medals results in national pride.

Question 26

Explain the factors that you would consider when playing a circuit training programme to develop muscular endurance.

Answer 26

Number of stations/exercises.
Ensure sport specific exercises included/replication of movement or skill patterns.
Relevant muscle groups exercised.
Correct order of exercises/alternate body areas.
Time available/frequency of sessions.
Number of repetitions/sets/intensity/time.
Recovery/rest periods.
Equipment/space available.
Current level of fitness/ability/age/gender/injuries/size of group/motivation.

Question 27

Outline the disadvantages of using the command style in delivering a circuit training programme to develop muscular endurance.

Answer 27

Command style teaching-teacher makes all the decisions.
No input from the groups/learner.
Few opportunities for creativity/no cognitive/no decision making/no learn.
Pupils working for the same length of time.
Demotivating/boring/less enjoyable.
Limited social interaction.
Lack of understanding.
Less feedback given to individuals.
No differentiation in the task/circuit for different abilities/no individual goals.

Question 28

What do you understand by the term agility and why is it important for badminton players?

Answer 28

Agility-the ability to change direction/body position quickly.
Important-recover position after a shot/adjust movement around the court.