PHED1-Jan2012

Question 1

Name two other components of fitness and using examples, explain why each component is important in a game of football.

Answer 1

Flexibility-to stretch to reach the ball when making a save as a goalkeeper.
Reaction time-respond quickly/make decisions quickly.

Question 2

During a game a football player’s heart rate will vary. Explain how changes in acidity of the blood cause the heart rate to increase during a game of football.

Answer 2

Increased blood acidity/pH lowers.
Caused by increased CO2 being produced.
Detected by chemoreceptors.
Nerve impulses sent to the cardiac control centre.
Sympathetic nervous impulses.
To SAN.

Question 3

What term is used to describe a resting heart rate that is below 60 beats per minute?

Answer 3

Bradycardia

Question 4

How does a low resting heart rate affect oxygen delivery to muscles?

Answer 4

Less oxygen needed for contractions of heart.
More oxygen available for muscle contractions.
Increased heart rate range.

Question 5

What factors determine the ‘blood pressure’ in arteries?

Answer 5

Stroke volume/heart rate.
Cardiac output.
Blood viscosity.
Blood vessel length.
Blood vessel diameter.
Age/level of fitness.
Heath factor eg diet.

Question 6

What is the significance of an increase in a-vO2 to a player?

Answer 6

Difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood.
More oxygen is extracted by the muscles.
Used for ATP synthesis.
Leads to improved performance.
Increased oxygen diffusion at alveoli and muscles.
More oxygen in blood.
More CO2 in blood.

Question 7

Classify the swimming start using the three continua.

Answer 7

Closed.
Externally paced.
Discrete.

Question 8

Justify how the continua may change during the race for swimming.

Answer 8

Closed to open-affected by environment-pacing/adjusting speed.
Externally paced to self paced-speed determined/adjusted by performer.
Discrete to continuous-repeated actions/no clear end or beginning.

Question 9

Using examples from a swimming start, explain the differences between ‘motor ability’ and ‘perceptual ability’.

Answer 9

Motor ability-concerned with movements/actions.
Eg leg muscle contractions-pushing of blocks.
Perceptual ability-receiving/recognising information from senses.
Eg reacting to the gun.

Question 10

Explain how attention, motor production and motivation are used to help the process of learning a skill.

Answer 10

Attention-learner is watching/performance attractive/demonstration can be seen/is accurate.
Motor production-learner has the abilities/skills to complete the task/is able to practice immediately.
Motivation-reinforcement/praise/performer wants to learn skill.

Question 11

Suggest how a coach might help a performer to retain newly learned skills.

Answer 11

Frequent practices/over learning/massed practice.
Use of positive feedback.
Reinforcement/to praise/motivate.
Highlight cues.
Use of imagery/mental rehearsal.
Fun/enjoyable.
Make info relevant/specific.
Associate with familiar information.

Question 12

What do you understand by the term ‘stamina’ and why is it an important component of fitness for football players?

Answer 12

Ability to delay the onset of fatigue.

Important because of the duration of the game eg 90mins.

Question 13

Name the early and the final stages of learning and describe the characteristics of each.

Answer 13

Cognitive and autonomous stages.
Cognitive-needs instruction/demonstration/trying to understand/many errors.
Autonomous-without conscious thought/able to focus on other factors-tactics/more intrinsic.

Question 14

Describe how the ‘feedback’ that a tennis player uses will change between these two stages of learning.

Answer 14

Feedback used is more:
Mainly intrinsic/kinaesthetic/correct own errors.
Knowledge of performance.
Can be delayed.
Concurrent.
Negative.
Specific/detailed.

Question 15

Explain how the relationship shown between the number of responses and the time take will affect the time taken for the tennis player to respond to an opponent’s shot.

Answer 15

More choices=longer response time.
High number of responses-no change in response time.
Hick’s law-the increasing stimuli, increases number of responses an therefore increases response time.
Player expects same stroke-quick response time.
Player plays different shot-delays response time.

Question 16

Use the ‘single channel hypothesis’ to explain why there is a delayed response by a player in tennis when their opponent’s shot hits the too if the net and changes direction.

Answer 16

Single channel hypothesis-one stimulus processed at a time.
Second stimulus arrives before it’s tis completed.
Can’t deal with second stimulus until the first stimulus is completed.
There is a slower response time.
Psychological refractory period.
Player reacts too late, cannot return and so loses the point.

Question 17

Outline the the main differences between PE and Active leisure.

Answer 17

PE- compulsory, formal teaching and learning, highly structured, teacher in charge.
Active leisure- voluntary, in free time, informal, self-regulated, less organised.

Question 18

What were the characteristics of physical education in state schools in post-WW2 period before the introduction of the NC.

Answer 18

Moving and growing/planning the programme.
Varied content/games skills.
Better facilities/equipment.
Link between mind and body.
Decentralised lesson/greater teacher control.
PE teachers.
Child centred/less command style.
More enjoyable.

Question 19

What are the benefits that young people may gain as a result of experiencing activities such as rock climbing and canoeing.

Answer 19

Heath and fitness.
Develop motor skills.
Leadership/decision making.
Personal skills/confidence/learning new skills.
Social skills/communication.
Appreciation of natural environment.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of sport?

Answer 20

Competitive.
Tactical.
Well defined rules.
Institutionalised/organised/officials.
Can involve rewards eg cups, money.
Amateur an professional.
Involves coaching and training.

Question 21

What are the advantages of being a member of a private fitness club?

Answer 21

More choice of activities/facilities.
Better quality facilities.
Social benefits.
More opportunity to keep fit and healthy.

Question 22

Suggest solutions that NGBs could use to overcome discrimination and to increase participation in physical activity.

Answer 22

Develop specific policies to target minority groups.
Target funding at grass roots for minority groups.
More minority coaches.
Concentrate resources in inner city.
Charge lower admission.
Use of role models/greater coverage.

Question 23

Describe how you apply the ‘FITT principles’ and ‘specificity’ to improve fitness.

Answer 23

FITT:
Overload-work/train harder than normal.
Causes adaptations/body adapts.
Frequency-train more often.
Intensity-train harder.
Type-use different forms of exercise/activity(moderation).
Time-train for longer.
Specificity:
Use the same energy system.
Use the same muscle fibre-type.
Use similar intensity to activity.
Use similar duration to activity.

Question 24

Explain how the characteristics of the learner and the situation may influence your decision to use ‘command style’ teaching to improve the skills of a group.

Answer 24

Use for cognitive learner.
Use when learner lacks fitness.
Use if learner lacks motivation.
Use if teacher/coach has limited experience.
Use if class misbehaves.
Use with large numbers to teach.
Use when little equipment/time. 
Use if skill has element of risk.
Use if skill is highly complex.