PHED1 - June 2012

Question 1

Explain how the health of a performer may affect their fitness.

Answer 1

Can be unhealthy and unable to train so fitness declines.

Can be unhealthy but able to train and fitness can still improve.

Question 2

Explain how increases in CO2 and acidity in the blood cause breathing rate to rise.

Answer 2

Detected by chemoreceptors (in medulla).
Nerve impulses to RCC.
Nervous output to breathing muscles/sympathetic nerve.
Increased rate of contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Question 3

Identify the membranes involved in this diffusion and identify one characteristics of these membranes that allows diffusion to happen.

Answer 3

Alveolar and capillary membranes identified.
Requires thin membranes/one cell thick.
Requires short diffusion distance between membranes/moist etc.

Question 4

Name two components of skill-related fitness required by a 400m hurdler.

Answer 4

Balance.

Co-ordination.

Question 5

Name two components of health-related fitness required by a shot putter.

Answer 5

Strength.

Power.

Question 6

State 3 characteristics or functions of arteries.

Answer 6

Thick elastic walls.
Small lumen.
Smooth muscle layer.
Carrying blood away from the heart.

Question 7

Where is myoglobin found in the body and what is it’s role during exercise?

Answer 7

In muscle.

Stores/carries oxygen.

Question 8

Explain the causes of the curve shifting right and the effect that this change has on oxygen delivery to the muscles.

Answer 8

Increase in body temperature.
Increase in blood CO2 concentration.
Increase in blood acidity.
Bohr shift.
Resulting in less saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.
An increase in oxygen release to muscles.

Question 9

Explain how players use their STM to perform skills during a team game.

Answer 9

Receives info from STSS/senses.
Selective attention filters info.
Compares characteristics of info from LTMS/DCR process.
Decisions made.
Receives info concerning actions from LTM.
Initiates motor programmes.

Question 10

Explain what an open skill is?

Answer 10

Involves changing environment/need to make decisions about how to adapt eg open play situation, passing.

Question 11

Explain what a closed skill is.

Answer 11

Involves same environment/few decisions about how to perform skill, just when to perform eg dead ball situation, set piece.

Question 12

Explain the difference between the terms movement time and reaction time.

Answer 12

Movement time-the time taken from the initiation of the movement to the finish of the movement/pass.
Reaction time-the time taken to decide a response/type of pass to a given stimulus.

Question 13

Choice reaction time is far more common in team games than simple reaction time. Explain this statement.

Answer 13

Choice reaction time-numerous stimuli and or responses and simple reaction time-one stimulus and one possible response.
Games-open skills need CRT mainly/few SRT skills.

Question 14

What can games players do to improve their response time?

Answer 14

Concentration on cues. 
Relevant practice/over learning.
Be at optimum arousal level.
Temporal/spatial anticipation.
Improve movement time.

Question 15

What are the characteristics of a skilled performance?

Answer 15

Consistent.
Efficiency.
Controlled.
Minimal outlay of energy.
Aesthetically pleasing.

Question 16

Describe what is meant by the term transfer of learning and explain two different forms that transfer can take.

Answer 16

Skills learnt in one activity affects in another.
Positive-enhances the learning of a new skill.
Negative-hinders learning of new skill.
Zero-has no effect on learning of new skill.

Question 17

Explain the functions of recognition schema.

Answer 17

Schema-set of ‘rules’ to help us make decisions about movement patterns.
Following action.
Sensory consequences eg feedback concerning performance(KOP).
Response outcome.
Comparison of actual and intended outcome(KOR).

Question 18

What implications does Schmidt’s schema theory have for the way I which sports skills should be taught.

Answer 18

Vary practised conditions by changing I total conditions.
Specific practice to activity.
Lots of feedback.
Teach fundamental skills before sport specific skills.

Question 19

What are the similarities and differences between recreation an play?

Answer 19

Sims-both voluntary.
Both develop health and fitness.
Both self-officiating.
Both develop skills.
Both non-serious end product.
Diffs-adults=recreation and children=play.
Recreation=time free from work and children don’t work.
Recreation organised and play is spontaneous.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of public sector?

Answer 20

Run by local authority.
For local community use.
Trading at set prices.
Subsidised by tax
Facilities not as good as private sector.

Question 21

Explain the difference between the terms health and fitness.

Answer 21

Fitness-cope with everyday demands of environment.

Health-complete, social, mental and physical well-being free from disease.