PHED1-Jan 2013

Question 1

Briefly explain how two different named classes of food in an athlete’s diet will aid his/her performance?

Answer 1

Sufficient carbohydrates for energy.

Sufficient protein-muscle growth and repair.

Question 2

Describe two characteristics of veins which assist the transport of blood.

Answer 2

Thinner muscle layer.
Valves.
Wider lumen.

Question 3

Explain how redistribution of blood occurs during exercise.

Answer 3

⬆️CO2 levels/acidity (chemoreceptors)
⬆️ movement of joints (proprioceptors)
Vasomotor centre in medulla.
Sympathetic nervous system.
Vasodilation to areas which need.
Vasoconstriction to areas that don't.

Question 4

Explain why blood flow to the brain remains the same during rest and during maximum effort.

Answer 4

Brain function maintained during exercise.

Oxygen required.

Question 5

Explain how the gas exchange system operates at muscles.

Answer 5

Process of diffusion-high concentration to low concentration down diffusion gradient.
Requires thin/permeable membranes.
High pO2 in blood/low pO2 in muscles and oxygen moves into muscles.
Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin to myoglobin.
CO2 dissolves in plasma.

Question 6

Suggest three characteristics of skill.

Answer 6

Consistency/repeatable success.
Controlled.
Aesthetically pleasing.
Precise/accurate.

Question 7

Use examples to distinguish between the different types of reinforcement.

Answer 7

Positive and negative reinforcement.
Positive-use of praise/rewards to encourage correct behaviour.
Negative-removal of criticism to encourage desired response.

Question 8

Apart from reinforcement how else could a coach make sure that operant conditioning is likely to result in successful learning of a new skill?

Answer 8

Use of punishment.
Manipulating the the environment to obtain the desired response.
‘Shaping’.
E.g use of target areas/equipment.

Question 9

What are the benefits of goal setting?

Answer 9

Improved confidence/self-efficacy.
Increased motivation.
Task persistence.
Reduced anxiety.
Focuses attention.

Question 10

Using examples name the two different types of extrinsic motivation.

Answer 10

Tangible-badges/prizes/rewards etc.

Intangible-praise/fans/fame etc.

Question 11

What do you understand about the term balanced diet?

Answer 11

Sufficient amount of each component.

Question 12

Explain the factors that can influence the effectiveness of attention, retention and motor production in observational learning.

Answer 12

Attention-how attractive/or if action has actual benefits/role model.
Demonstration is accurate/highlight of key areas of the skill.
Retention-can the observer keep the skill in memory.
Demonstration is relevant.
Motor reproduction-performer has physical capabilities to complete the task.
Immediate opportunity to practice/show progression.

Question 13

In terms of the input stage of information processing explain why the attack may break down when the players involved are novices.

Answer 13

Information overload.
Poor selective attention.
Focus on inappropriate cues.
Unable to focus on relevant cues.
Loss of concentration.

Question 14

In terms of the psychology refractory period, explain why a 2v1 situation should cause a defender’s response time to be slower.

Answer 14

Attackers select a move and defender must respond.
Initial stimulus is closely followed by a second stimulus.
Defender slowed by increasing choice reaction time.
First stimulus must be cleared before the second can be processed.
Hick’s law/single channel hypothesis.

Question 15

What are the similarities and differences between sport and active leisure?

Answer 15

Sims-both energetic.
Both in free time.
Diffs-sport competitive, active leisure less so.
Sport has more commitment, active leisure less so.
Sport has officials, active leisure self regulated.

Question 16

Why were the boys in English public schools encouraged to play sport?

Answer 16

Occupy boy's free time.
Preparing boys for roles in society/leadership.
Develop athleticism among boys.
Develop sportsmanship.
Develop muscular Christianity.

Question 17

How does school sport differ from physical education?

Answer 17

Sport-extra-curricular and pe in lessons.
Sport-voluntary and pe compulsory.
Sport-coach and pe teacher.
Sport-specialised activity and pe many activities.

Question 18

Discuss the suggestion that disabled participants have equal opportunities to take part in sport.

Answer 18

Yes - improved access to facilities.
More clubs.
Increased numbers of specialised coaches.
Better specialised facilities.
Increased media coverage/role models.
No - insufficient clubs.
Access still a problem to sessions for disabled.
Lack of qualified coaches.

Question 19

Describe the main parts of a cool down that should end a session and the benefits of that cool down.

Answer 19

Method-reduce intensity of exercise.
Walk around/light jogging.
Stretching(static best).
Benefits-reduces heart rate.
Reduces body temperature.
Remove adrenaline.
Remove lactic acid.
Maintains venous return mechanism.
Prevents blood pooling/reduce DOMS.

Question 20

Explain why you might choose to use masse practice over distributed practice.

Answer 20

Factors concerning performer:
Stage of learning-massed for autonomous/distributed for cognitive.
Fitness-massed for very fit/distributed for less fit.
Motivation-massed for highly motivated/distributed for less.
Factors concerning task:
Complexity-massed for simple/distributed for complex.
Continuity-masses for discrete/distributed for continuous.
Muscles used-massed for fine/distributed for gross.
Time-massed for limited time/distributed for plenty of time.
Safety-massed for no danger/distributed when potential danger.