Adaptations For Nutrition Flashcards
What region does hydrolysis of protein begin?
The stomach.
Where is the enzyme amylase produced?
The pancreas.
What is the function of the lacteal?
Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol.
What is the function of capillaries in the villi?
Absorb glucose an amino acids.
Apart from it’s length, state te other ways in which the surface of the small intestine is increased.
Folded.
Numerous villi.
Microvilli.
Explain why the digestion of proteins is more efficient if they are exposed to endopeptidases before being acted upon by exopeptidases.
Endopeptidases cuts in the middle of the chain/produces several smaller chains.
Producing many ends for exopeptidases to act upon.
How does the arrangement of fibres differ in the two muscle layers in a gut wall?
One layer has fibres arranged longitudinally, one has circular fibres.
What term is used for the process by which the muscle layers push food along the gut?
Peristalsis.
Name two structures found in the sub-mucosa a and give their functions in nutrition.
Blood vessels-transport products of digestion.
Lymph vessels-transport lipids.
Nerves-co-ordinate muscular contractions.
Glands-secrete enzymes or mucus.
Describe one adaptation of its dentition to its diet for a herbivore and carnivore.
Herbivore-incisors in lower jaw only, with horny pad for cutting/interlocking molars for grinding/gap/enamel ridges continue to grow.
Carnivore-sharp incisors to grip and tear flesh from bone/large canines for seizing or killing prey/tearing flesh/carnassials for shearing flesh/crushing bone.
Explain why the gut of a carnivore is much shorter than the gut if a herbivore.
Protein is easier to digest compared with cellulose.
Describe how the stomach of a herbivore like a sheep is adapted to its diet.
The cud is mixed with cellulose digesting bacteria. Cud can be regurgitated. Allows water to be reabsorbed. Presence of bacteria in rumen. Some absorption eg of fatty acids.
Suggest why the carnivore like a lion has a large stomach, even tho the remainder of its gut is reduced.
Carnivores catch prey periodically and can use their stomach to store their catch until the next time they make a kill/diet is mainly protein and it is the stomach where protein is digested.
Define the term parasite.
A parasite is an organism which lives on or in another organism (the host) obtaining nourishment at the expense of the host, causing harm to the host.
Name the secondary host of a tapeworm.
A pig.
Describe how the parasite is transmitted from a human to it’s secondary host.
The pig becomes infected if it feeds in places contaminated by human faeces.
Explain how humans may become infected with the tapeworm.
Eating undercooked infected pork.
State one adaptation of the tapeworm which ensures it stays in place in the gut of the host.
Suckers/hooks.
Explain why the tapeworm is not destroyed by the secretions of the human host.
A thick cuticle which produces inhibitory substances to prevent digestion by the host’s enzymes.
The tapeworm has a very high rate of reproduction. Explain how this is advantageous to the parasite.
To overcome the problem of transfer to another host/to increase the chance of some of the offspring reaching another host.
Where is bile produced?
The liver.
