Phases Of Matter Flashcards
What are the three main phases of matter
Solid, gas, liquid
What are the properties of solids (9)
- The particles are closely packed
- The particles vibrate
- It cannot flow except when in small pieces
- the kinetic energy is low
-the intermolecular forces are very strong
-the density is very high - the volume is fixed
- cannot be compressed
What are the properties of liquids (9)
-the particles are further apart
-the ek is higher
-the particles glide over each other
- the intermolecular forces are weaker
-take up the shape of the container
-it can flow
-the volume is fixed
-the density is high
-cannot be compressed
What are the properties of a gas
-the particles are very far apart
-possess the most ek
-can flow
-fills up the container
- can be compressed
- the volume is not fixed
-have a low density
What is the physical condition of a substance
The phase of a substance and a given temperature
How to determine the physical condition of a substance
It’s a solid if:
The melting point is higher than room temperature
It’s a liquid if:
The melting point is lower than room temperature and the boiling point is higher than room temperature
It’s a gas if:
The boiling point is less than room temperature
What is the difference between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation:
-at a temp lower than boiling point
-takes place on the surface of a liquid
-slower process
-causes cooling
Boiling
-at boiling temp
-takes place throughout the liquid
-quicker process
-temp stays constant
What is the phase change from a solid to a liquid
Melting
What is the phase change from a solid to a gas
Sublimation
What is the phase change from liquid to gas
Boiling/ evaporation
What is the phase change from liquid to solid
Freezing
What is the phase change from gas to liquid
Condensation
What is the phase change from gas to solid
Deposition
What happens during cooling
-heat energy is released
-the temp drops
-ek is drops
-intermolecular forces become stronger
-particles move closer
What happens during heating
-temperature rises
-ek rises
-intermolecular forces weaken
-particles move further apart
-heat energy is taken up
What happens during a phase change
The temperature and kinetic energy remain constant. The heat energy added or released is used to overcome intermolecular forces or increase intermolecular forces
What is the relationship between Temperature and Kinetic energy
Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy
Which are the condensed phases and why
Liquids and solids because the particles are close to each other
Which are the fluids out of all the phases and why
Liquids and gases because the particles can move over each other
What is matter divided into
Pure substances and mixtures
What are pure substances divided into
Elements and compounds
What are elements divided into
Metals, metalloids and non-metals
What are mixtures divided into
Homogeneous and heterogenous
What is an electrical conductor
A material that allows the flow of electrical charge through it
What is an electrical insulator
A material that prevents the flow of electrical charge through it
What is a thermal conductor
A material that allows heat to pass through easily
What is a high boiling point
The high temperature at which a liquids vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
What is transparent
A material allowing light to pass through so that object behind can be directly seen
What is brittle
A substance that is hard but likely to break or crack easily
What does dense mean
High Mass per unit volume
What does malleable mean
The ability of a material to be hammered or pressed into shape
What is a high melting point
The high temperature at which a solid changes it’s phase to becomes a liquid
What is flexible
The ability of a material to deform elastically and return to its original shape when then applied stress is removed
What does flammable mean
The ability of a material to set on fire
What does ductile mean
The ability of a material to be stretched out Into thin wire
What are the properties of mixtures explain each with an example
- Substances in a mixture can be mixed in an relationship. For example if you have a mixture of salt and water. No matter how much salt you add to the water, it will still be called a mixture of salt and water.
- The substances in a mixture keep their separate properties. For example in a mixture of salt and water both the salt and water keep the same properties that they had when the salt was outside the water.
- Substances in a mixture can be separated through mechanical separating methods. For example you can separate a salt and water mixture using distillation
What are the different ways to separate a mixture
- Distillation (based on the boiling point of a liquid usually used for homogeneous mixtures )
- hand separation (big visible particles)
- magnet (to separate a magnet from a non-magnetic material)
-filtration (for when there is bigger particles and smaller particles)
Etc
How to test for Impure substances
Using melting and boiling points, chromatography
What is matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
What are materials
Substances composed out of matter
What are the physical properties of a material
The properties we can detect when va material is studied on its own
What is a mixture
An impure substance made up of two or more pure substances where the substances are not joined or bonded together and no chemical reaction occurs between them
What are the two types of mixtures
Homogeneous and heterogeneous
What are the three properties of mixtures
- they can be mixed in any proportion, eg a salt water solution will be called a slay water solution no matter how much salt or water there is
- the substances in a mixture keep their separate properties eg in a saltwater solution the salt keeps the same properties it had when it was outside the water
- substances in a mixture can be separated through mechanical separation methods such as evaporation
What makes a homogeneous mixture uniform and a heterogeneous mixture bit
The substances are in one phase in a homogeneous mixture whereas they aren’t in a heterogeneous mixture
How can we test for impurities
- by measuring the melting and boiling points of substances. Pure substances have a fixed melting and boiling point, impurities lower the melting point and increases the boiling point.
- by chromatography.
What is chromatography
The process whereby substances are divided into their various components. There is paper, liquid, column and gas chromatography
How to conduct a paper chromatography test
- Place pencil over a beaker with ethanol or water
- Place a strip of chromatography paper with the solution below the dot
- The solution is siphoned by the paper and moves upwards
- Different colourants have different solubilities and thus will travel different distances up the paper (more soluble more distance)
- If different colour patches observed then impure substance. Else one patch then pure substance
