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Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mixture

A

A combination of two or more substances where the substances are not joined or bonded together and no chemical reaction occurs between the substances

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2
Q

What is an element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means

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3
Q

What is a compound

A

A group of two or more atoms, attracted by a relatively strong bond, the atoms are combined in fixed proportions

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4
Q

What is a cation

A

A positive ion formed when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons

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5
Q

What is an anion

A

A negative ion formed when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons

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6
Q

What is a metalloid

A

A element with mostly non-metallic properties, their distinguishing characteristic is that their conductivity increases as their temperature increases

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7
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

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8
Q

What is the Brownian motion

A

Random motion of particles suspended in a liquid or gas resulting from their collision with quick atoms or molecule in the liquid or gas

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9
Q

What is a freezing point

A

The temperature at which a liquid changes it’s phase to become a solid

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10
Q

What is a boiling point

A

The point at which a liquids vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

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11
Q

What is a melting point

A

The point at which a solid changes it’s phase to become a liquid

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12
Q

What is evaporation

A

Process of going from a liquid to a gas

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13
Q

What is sublimination

A

Process of going from a solid to a gas

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14
Q

What is condensation

A

The process of going from a gas to a liquid

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15
Q

What is the kinetic molecular theory

A

All matter is composed of particles which have a certain amount of energy which allows them to move at different speeds depending on the temperature (energy)
. There are spaces between the particles and also attractive forced between particles when they come closer together.

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16
Q

What is latent/transitional heat

A

The heat produced or released during a phase change

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17
Q

What are volatile liquids

A

Liquids that evaporate at room temperature

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18
Q

What is the difference between macroscopic and microscopic properties

A

Macroscopic properties refer to boiling and melting melting points and evaporation. Microscopic refers to what happens in the atom and the molecular structure of sun stances

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19
Q

What is Relative atomic mass

A

The ratio of the average mass of one atom of an element to one twelfth of the mass of atom carbon-12

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20
Q

What is atomic number (Z)

A

Number of protons in an atoms

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21
Q

What is a proton

A

A particle found in the nucleus of an atom, it is positively charged

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22
Q

What is an electron

A

Smallest particle that makes up an atom and is found outside the nucleus, it is negatively charged

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23
Q

What is a neutron

A

A particle found in the nucleus of an atom, it has no electrical charge

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24
Q

What is atomic mass (A)

A

Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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25
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (Z), but a different number of neutrons (A) resulting in different atomic masses.

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26
Q

What is the Aufbau Principle

A

Electrons orbiting one or more atoms, fill the lowest available energy levels before filling their higher energy levels.

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27
Q

What is Hunds rule

A

Electrons would rather be in a subshell on their own than share the orbital in the same energy level

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28
Q

What is Pauli’s Exculsion principle

A

Electrons have a property spin and two electrons must have opposite spin in order to share a subshell

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29
Q

What is an orbital

A

Region of space where you are most likely to find electrons

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30
Q

What are valence electrons

A

Electrons that are found int the outermost energy level of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms

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31
Q

What is an atomic radius

A

The measure of size of the atom (the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the point where the electron cloud ends)

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32
Q

What is a group

A

Vertical columns on the period table

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33
Q

What is electron affinity

A

The amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous phase gains an electron to form a negative ion

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34
Q

What is electronegativity

A

The measure of the tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons

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35
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

A Physical process that causes atoms to be attracted to each other and held together in more stable compounds called molecules

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36
Q

What is the first ionisation energy

A

The amount of energy required to remove the first electron from an atom in its gaseous state to form a positive ion

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37
Q

What is periodicity

A

Quality or character of being repeated in intervals

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38
Q

What is valency

A

The number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom which are able to form bonds with other atoms

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39
Q

What is molar mass

A

The mass of one mole of that substance

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40
Q

What is a halide

A

A binary compound of a halogen with another elector group of elements

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41
Q

What is an oxide

A

An ion of oxygen (O2-)

42
Q

What is ionic bonding

A

A transfer of electrons and subsequent electrostatic attraction

43
Q

What is covalent Bonding

A

A sharing of at least one pair of electrons by two non-metals

44
Q

What is metallic bonding

A

Electrostatic attraction between the positively charged atomic nuclei of metal atoms and a sea of delocalised electrons

45
Q

What is a delocalised electron cloud

A

Electrons that are not at a specific point in a group of atoms

46
Q

What is a molecule

A

When atoms share electrons, are bonded covalently then the resulting collection of atoms is known as a molecule

47
Q

What is a covalent molecular structure

A

A crystal lattice that consists of separate molecules

48
Q

What is a covalent network structure

A

Crystal lattice that consists of giant repeating lattices of covalently bonded atoms

49
Q

Molecular formula

A

A concise way of expressing information about the atoms that make up a particular covalent molecular compound. Gives the exact number of each type of atom in the molecule

50
Q

What is the empirical formulae

A

Shows the simplest ratio of atoms in the compound

51
Q

What is physical change

A

A change that does not alter the chemical nature of the substances, no new chemical substances are formed

52
Q

What is a chemical change

A

A change in which the chemical nature of the substances involved changes, new chemical substances are formed

53
Q

What is the law of constant proportions

A

A chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass

54
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass

A

The total mass of substances taking part in a chemical reaction is conserved during the reaction

55
Q

What is dissolving

A

Solid ionic crust and breaking up into ions in H2O

56
Q

What is Dissociation

A

The process in which ionic compounds separate into smaller ions

57
Q

What is hydration

A

Where ions become surrounded with water molecules in a water solution

58
Q

What are electrolytes

A

A substance that contains free ions and behaves as an electrically conductive medium

59
Q

What is a precipitate

A

A solid that forms in a solution during a chemical reaction

60
Q

What is non polar covalent

A

The equal sharing of bonding electrons

61
Q

What is polar covalent

A

The unequal sharing of bonding electrons

62
Q

What is a frame of reference

A

A reference point combined with a set of directions

63
Q

What is position

A

A vector quantity that points from the reference point as the origin

64
Q

What is displacement

A

The change in position of an object

65
Q

What is distance

A

The length of the path travelled

66
Q

What is speed

A

The rate of change in distance

67
Q

What is velocity

A

The rate of change in displacement

68
Q

What is average speed

A

The total distance covered in the total time (eg you travelled from a to b to c what is the average speed from a to c)

69
Q

What is instantaneous speed

A

Instantaneous speed is the speed at a particular moment in time

70
Q

What is average velocity

A

The total displacement per unit time (total distance/ total time) (takes on the direction of the displacement.)

71
Q

What is instantaneous velocity

A

The velocity at a particular moment in time

72
Q

What is acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity

73
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

The energy an object poses due to its position relative to a reference point

73
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

The energy an object poses due to its position relative to a reference point

74
Q

What is Kinetic energy

A

The energy an object has as a result of the objects motions

75
Q

What is mechanical energy

A

The sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy at a point

76
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy

A

The total energy in a system cannot be created or destroyed only transformed from one form to another

77
Q

What is the principle of conservation of mechanical energy

A

On the absence of air resistance, friction or any external forces, the mechanical energy of an object is constant

(Ep + Ek)i = (Ep + Ek)f

78
Q

What is amplitude

A

The maximum disturbance of a particle from rest/equilibrium position

79
Q

What is constructive interference

A

When two pulses (waves) meet, resulting in a bigger pulse (wave)

80
Q

What is destructive interference

A

When two pulses (waves) meet, resulting in a smaller pulse (wave)

81
Q

What is a wave

A

A periodic , continuous disturbance that consists of a train of pulses

82
Q

What is a transverse wave

A

A wave where the movement is perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave. Succession of transverse pulses.

83
Q

What is a longitudinal wave

A

A wave where the particles in the medium move parallel to the direction of the propagation of the wave. Succession of longitudinal pulses

84
Q

What is rare fraction

A

A region in a longitudinal Wave where particles are furthest apart

85
Q

What is a compression

A

A region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closed together

86
Q

What is wavelength

A

The distance between any two adjacent points that are in phase.

87
Q

What is frequency

A

The number of successive crests (or troughs) passing a given point in one second

88
Q

What is a period

A

The time taken for two successive crests (or troughs) to pass a fixed point

89
Q

What is a crest of a wave

A

The point where the displacement of the medium is at its maximum

90
Q

What is the trough of the wave

A

The point of the wave where the displacement of the medium is at its minimum

91
Q

What is the wave speed

A

The distance travelled by the wave per unit time. Product frequency and wavelength of a wave. c = f λ

92
Q

What is ultrasound

A

Sound with frequencies higher than 20kHz up to about 100kHz

93
Q

What is electromagnetic radiation

A

Radiation consisting of self-sustaining oscillating electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. It does not require supporting medium and travels through space at the speed of light

94
Q

What is the dual nature of electro magnetic radiation

A

It behaves as a particle and a wave

95
Q

What is a photon

A

A particle of light with a discrete amount of electromagnetic energy

96
Q

What Is a magnetic field

A

A region of space where a magnet or ferromagnetic material will experience a non contact force

97
Q

What is the gravitational field

A

The force acting per unit mass

98
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

The energy an object possesses due to its position relative to a reference point

99
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

The energy an object has as a result it’s motion

100
Q

What is mechanical energy

A

The sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy at a point

101
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

Physical Science (29 decks)

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