Phase I, Block II - First Aid

Question 1

What are the three objectives of first aid?

Answer 1

• Prevent further injury
• Prevent inection
• Prevent the loss of life

Question 2

What are four methods of controlling bleeding?

Answer 2

• Direct pressure
• Elevation
• Pressure points
• Use of tourniquet (last resort)

Question 3

What is a pressure point?

Answer 3

Point on the body where a main artery lies near the skin surface and over the bone. Applying physical pressure to this point can reduce or stop blood flow.

Question 4

What are the 11 principal pressure points?

Answer 4

• Superficial temporal artery (temple)
• Facial artery (jaw)
• Common carotid artery (neck)
• Subclavian artery (collar bone)
• Brachial artery (inner upper arm)
• Brachial artery (inner elbow)
• Radial/Ulnar artery (wrist)
• Femoral artery (upper thigh)
• Iliac artery (groin)
• Popliteal artery (knee)
• Anterior/posterior tibial artery (ankle)

Question 5

What are the three classifications of burns?

Answer 5

• First degree
• Second degree
• Third degree

Question 6

What are symptoms for a first degree burn?

Answer 6

Produces redness, warmth and mild pain.

Question 7

What are symptoms for a second degree burn?

Answer 7

Causes red, blistered skin and severe pain.

Question 8

What are symptoms for a third degree burn?

Answer 8

Destroys tissue, skin and bone in severe cases, however severe pain may be absent due to nerve endings being destroyed.

Question 9

What are the two types of fractures?

Answer 9

• Closed/simple

- Open/compound

Question 10

What is a closed/simple fracture?

Answer 10

Broken bone without break in the skin.

Question 11

What is a open/compound fracture?

Answer 11

Broken bone with break in the skin, with possible bone protrusion.

Question 12

What are symptoms for an electric shock?

Answer 12

Can range from little to no evidence of injury to severe trauma with associated cardiac arrest.

Question 13

What are indications of someone with an obstructed airway?

Answer 13

Inability to talk, grasping and pointing to the throat, exaggerated breathing efforts, and skin turning bluish color.

Question 14

What are two types of heat related injuries?

Answer 14

• Heat exhaustion

- Heat stroke

Question 15

What is heat exhaustion and symptoms?

Answer 15

• Serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart and lungs.
• The skin is cool, moist, and clammy, and pupils are dilated. Body temperature may be normal or high; the victim is usually sweating profusely.

Question 16

What is heat stroke and symptoms?

Answer 16

• Condition caused by breakdown of sweating mechanism.
• Victim is unable to eliminate excessive body heat buildup. Symptoms may include hot and/or dry skin, uneven pupil dilation, and weak, rapid pulse.

Question 17

What are three types of cold weather injuries?

Answer 17

• Hypothermia
• Superficial frostbite
• Deep frostbite

Question 18

What is hypothermia and symptoms?

Answer 18

• General cooling of the whole body caused by exposure to low or rapidly falling temperature, cold moisture, snow or ice.
• Victim may appear pale and unconscious, breathing is slow and shallow, pulse faint or undetectable; body tissues feel semi-rigid, arms and legs may feel stiff.

Question 19

What is superficial frostbite?

Answer 19

When ice crystals form in the upper skin layers after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower.

Question 20

What is deep frostbite?

Answer 20

Develops when ice crystals form in the deeper tissues after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower.

Question 21

What is shock?

Answer 21

When the body suffers from insufficient blood flow throughout the body as a result of severe injury or illness.

Question 22

What are the five types of shock?

Answer 22

• Septic
• Anaphylactic
• Cardiogenic
• Hypovolemic
• Neurogenic

Question 23

What is septic shock?

Answer 23

Results from bacteria multiplying in the blood and releasing toxins. Common causes are pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections (such as ruptured appendix) and meningitis.

Question 24

What is anaphylactic shock?

Answer 24

Severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction. Causes include allergy to insect stings, medicines or foods.

Question 25

What is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 25

Occurs when the heart is damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to the body.

Question 26

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 26

Caused by severed blood and fluid loss which makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body.

Question 27

What is neurogenic shock?

Answer 27

Caused by spinal cord injury, usually as a result of a traumatic accident or injury.