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MBCHB1 exam > phase 1 week 7 > Flashcards

phase 1 week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What make up the central components of the ANS?

A

hypothalamus
brainstem
spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the peripheral components of the ANS?

A

sympathetic nerves

parasympathetic nerves

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3
Q

what are the main functions of the ANS?

A

mediate neuronal regulation of the internal environment
coordinate body function necessary for survival
regulate removal of waste products from the body
prepare the body for normal and life-threatening stress

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4
Q

Describe activities of the sympathetic nervous system

A

accelerates heart rate
causes constriction of peripheral blood vessels
raises blood pressure
brings about redistribution of the blood - leaves areas of skin and intestine and becomes available to the brain, heart and skeletal muscles
Inhibits peristalsis of the intestinal tract and closes the sphincters

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5
Q

What are the primary neurotransmitters?

A

Sympathetic - noradrenaline, adrenaline

Parasympathetic - Acetylcholine

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6
Q

what does the ANS control?

A 
cardiorespiratory function
digestion
genitourinary
sexual 
stress response
exercise ability
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7
Q

Where is the origin of the sympathetic NS?

A

thoracolumbar

except cervical ganglia

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8
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic NS?

A

Noradrenaline

except sweat glands and deep muscle vessels use ACH

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9
Q

What do alpha 1 receptors control?

A

arteriole constriction

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10
Q

What do alpha 2 receptors control?

A

venous and coronary vasoconstriction

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11
Q

What do beta 1 receptors control?

A

mainly heart, adrenal glands and renal

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12
Q

What do beta 2 receptors do?

A

lungs

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13
Q

Where is the origin of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Craniosacral outflow

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14
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia?

A

diffuse near site of action

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15
Q

What do muscarinic receptors do?

A

smooth muscle and salivary glands

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16
Q

What do nicotinic receptors do?

A

on motor end plate (near skeletal muscles)

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17
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem?

A

cranial nerve function
conduit function - spinothalamic, corticospinal
integrative functions - respiration, cardiovascular, sleep, arousal, conciousness

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18
Q

What is the result of brain stem death?

A

paralysis and unconsciousness
apnoea
loss of cranial nerve function

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19
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels.
BP usually refers to arterial pressure in the systemic circulation

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20
Q

Which physical features affect blood pressure?

A

blood volume
resistance - radius, length and smoothness of vessels
viscosity of fluid

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21
Q

Define pressure (in equation)

A

P = Q X R

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22
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

stroke volume X heart rate

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23
Q

What is MAP?

A

cardiac output X total peripheral resistance

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24
Q

What are the physiological aspects of changes in BP?

A

gradual rise with age
greater rise in males
varies through the day - lowest when sleeping
increased transiently during physical or mental stress

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25
Q

What is Poiseuille’s equation?

A

Q = pressure X Pi X radius4 / 8nL

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26
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

stretch receptors
found in carotid sinus and aorta
changes in pressure lead to changes in heart rate and vasomotor control

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27
Q

How can peripheral resistance be controlled?

A

vasomotor mechanism

vasoconstriction increases TPR and therefore BP

28
Q

Describe the mechanisms for the control of blood volume

A

ADH - increases water retained by kidneys
Renin - secretion of aldosterone - increased Na+ retention- increased water retention
angiotensin II - vasoconstriction
anti-natriuretic hormone - increases Na+ loss, promotes vasodilation

29
Q

What is the neural mechanism of vasovagal syncope?

A

simultaneous vagal activation and sympathetic inhibition during fainting

30
Q

Why can emotional events evoke vasovagal fainting?

A

one of the neural pathways descends from the portico-hypothalamar centres to the medullary cardiovascular centres

31
Q

What is the cardioinhibitory response?

A

drop in heart rate (negative chronotropic effect) primarily from enhancement of parasympathetic tone

32
Q

What is the vasodepressor response?

A

vasodilation due to withdrawal of sympathetic nerve tone

33
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A 
transport of nutrients, oxygen and waste products around the body
transfer of heat
buffers body pH
transport of hormones
assists in response to infection
assists in formation of urine
34
Q

What is the first heart sound?

A

AV valves closing

35
Q

What is the second heart sound?

A

pulmonary and aortic valves closing

36
Q

what is EDV?

A

end diastolic volume

the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after systole

37
Q

what is the normal cardiac output?

A

5 litres / minute

38
Q

Describe conduction and contraction of the heart

A

impulses generated in the SA node spread over the atria followed by the ventricles
SA node has fastest intrinsic rate so determines heart rate
AV node slows conduction and can act as a second pacemaker if required
millions of purkinje fibres interdigitate with myocytes to spread the impulse across ventricles - excitation contraction coupling

39
Q

Describe an ECG

A

electrocardiogram

detects phasic changes in potential difference between two electrodes

40
Q

what is the p wave?

A

atrial depolarisation

41
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarisation

42
Q

What is the T wave?

A

ventricular depolarisation

43
Q

what is the PR interval?

A

delay through AV node

44
Q

what is the ST interval?

A

plateau phase of AP

45
Q

how is heart rate decreased?

A

increased K+ permeability means more time to threshold

action of ACh from vagal nerve

46
Q

how is heart rate increased?

A 
Increased Ca2+ permeability means less time to threshold
action of (Nor)adrenaline
47
Q

describe the factors affecting capillary transport

A

the blood in the capillaries experts a pressure on the capillary wall (hydrostatic pressure)
this tends to favour movement of fluid out of the capillaries
The plasma has intrinsic osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins (colloid pressure)
This tends to favour movement of fluid into the capillaries

48
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A 
communication
regulating internal events
organising behaviour
information storage
sensations, perceptions, emotions
49
Q

Which cells from myelin in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

50
Q

what cells form myelin in the PNS?

A

Shwann cells

51
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

involved in nutrient supply to neurons on CNS

52
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

involved in production of CSF

53
Q

What do microglia do?

A

defence role - phagocytic

54
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A

“executive” functions, long term memory

55
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

integration of sensory function

56
Q

what does the occipital lobe do?

A

visual processing

57
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

primary auditory cortex

58
Q

what are dorsal roots?

A

sensory

59
Q

What are ventral roots?

A

motor

60
Q

what do dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

all cell bodies of primary sensory neurons

61
Q

what is a nerve plexus?

A

the peripheral nerves that supply particular body regions

62
Q

name the cranial nerves

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. spinal accessory
  12. hypoglossal
63
Q

What are individual nerve fibres coated by?

A

endoneurium

64
Q

What are nerve fascicles coated by?

A

perineurium

65
Q

What are peripheral nerves coated by?

A

epineurium

MBCHB1 exam (28 decks)

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