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MBCHB1 exam > phase 1 week 5 > Flashcards

phase 1 week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of bone are there?

A 
long bone
short bone
irregular bone
flat bone
sesamoid bone
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2
Q

give an example of a long bone

A

humerus

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3
Q

give an example of a short bone

A

carpal bone

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4
Q

give an example of an irregular bone

A

vertebra

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5
Q

give an example of a flat bone

A

sternum

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6
Q

give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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7
Q

Describe the diaphysis of a bone

A

main shaft-like portion
hollow and cylindrical shape with thick compact bone on the outside
strong but not too heavy

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8
Q

describe the epiphysis of a bone

A

both ends of a long bone
bulbous shape which provides space for muscle attachment
red marrow fills the spaces of cancellous bone

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9
Q

describe the metaphysis of a bone

A

the region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet

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10
Q

describe the periosteum

A

dense, white, fibrous membrane
covers bone except for joint surfaces
periosteum fibres penetrate the underlying bone
tendon fibres and periosteum fibres interlace to attach muscle to bone
contains bone remodelling cells and blood vessels

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11
Q

Describe articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
resilient material that cushions jolts and blows

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12
Q

describe the medullary cavity

A

hollow space in diaphysis of long bone.

in adults filled with yellow marrow

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13
Q

Describe the endosteum

A

thin, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavities and spaces of cancellous bone
contains bone cells and their precursors

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14
Q

Describe compact bone

A

cylindrical-shaped osteons or haversian systems

each osteon surrounds a canal which runs longitudinally through the bone

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15
Q

Describe cancellous bone

A

no osteons
tiny needle-like branches called trabeculae
nutrients and waste products diffuse via tiny canaliculi that extend to the surface of the very thin bony branches

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16
Q

Describe osteoclasts

A

large cells with many nuclei
share lineage with blood cells (macrophages)
Precursors circulate in blood and bone marrow
When RANK-ligand (from osteoblasts) binds with RANK receptors - mature osteoclast form from fusion of progenitor cells
osteoclasts resorb bone
release acids and enzymes
then undergo apoptosis

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17
Q

What is OPG?

A

osteoprotogerin

binds to RANK-ligand so can regulate osteoclast activity

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18
Q

Describe osteoblasts

A

cuboidal and columnar shape with central nucleus
found on bone surface
from mesenchymal stem cells
osteoblasts make proteins to form the organic matrix of the bone and regulate mineralisation
Receptors for vitamin D, oestrogen and parathyroid hormone
secrete RANK-ligand to activate osteoclasts
can differentiate into osteocytes, lining cells or undergo apoptosis

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19
Q

Describe osteocytes

A

long branches that allow them to contact each other and the lining cells at the bone surface
sense mechanical strain
secrete growth factors to activate lining cells or osteoblasts

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20
Q

Describe lining cells

A

flat and pancake-shaped
responsible for immediate release of calcium
Protect bone from chemicals that dissolve crystals
receptors for hormoes and factors that effect bone remodelling

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21
Q

What are BMPs?

A

bone morphogenetic proteins
produced in bone or bone marrow
bind to BMP receptors on mesenchymal cells
cells produce cbfa1 - a transcription factor
cells mature into mature osteoblasts

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22
Q

Describe IGFs in regards to bone

A

Insulin-like growth factors
produced by osteoblastic cells in response to parathyroid hormone, oestrogen or BMPs
released from matrix during bone remodelling and stimulate osteoblastic cell replication

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23
Q

Describe RANK-ligand

A

a cytokine that is produced in response to systemic hormones such as 1,25dihydroxyvitaminD3 and other cytokines such as IL6
Induces osteoclast development

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24
Q

What hormones increase bone resorption?

A

parathyroid hormone
glucocorticoids
thyroid hormone
vitamin D metabolites

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25
Q

What hormones decrease bone resorption

A

calcitonin

gonadal steroids

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26
Q

what hormones increase bone formation?

A

growth hormone
vitamin D metabolites
gonodal steroids

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27
Q

What hormones decrease bone formation?

A

glucocorticoids

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28
Q

what are the main type of inorganic salts found in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite crytals

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29
Q

What is the organic matric of bone composed of?

A

collagenous fibres and “ground substance”

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30
Q

name features of a synovial joint

A

articular cartilage
synovial cavity
synovial membrane
joint capsule

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31
Q

what are the two names for the three kinds of joints?

A

synarthroses (fibrous)
ampiarthroses (cartilaginous)
diarthrosis (synovial)

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32
Q

Describe synarthrosis movement

A

immovable

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33
Q

describe ampiarthoses movement

A

slightly moverable

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34
Q

Describe diarthrosis movement

A

freely moveable

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35
Q

What types of fibrous joints are there?

A

Syndesmoses
sutures
gomphoses

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36
Q

What are syndesmoses joints?

A

e.g. distal end of radius and ulna

ligament connects bones

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37
Q

What are sutures?

A

only found in the skull

interlocking teeth-like projections

38
Q

What are gomphoses?

A

found at the root of the teeth

periodontal membrane

39
Q

What type of cartilaginous joints are there?

A

synchondrosis

symphyses

40
Q

What are synchondroses?

A

e.g. between first rib and sternum

hyaline cartilage between articulating surfaces

41
Q

What are symphyses?

A

e.g. pubic symphysis

fibrocartilage disk

42
Q

What kinds of synovial joints are there?

A

uniaxial - hinge, pivot
biaxial - saddle, condyloid
multiaxial - ball and socket, gliding

43
Q

Describe the uniaxial joints

A

hinge - e.g. elbow, flexion and extension

pivot e.g. between C1 and C2, rotation

44
Q

Describe the biaxial joints

A

saddle - e.g thumb joint. flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
condyloid - between radius and carpal bones - flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

45
Q

Describe the multi axial joints

A

ball and socket - e.g. shoulder - wide range

gliding - e.g between articulating facets of vertebrae. Gliding

46
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

47
Q

How do chondrocytes get their nutrients?

A

only through diffusion from the periosteum or synovial fluid - cartilage is avascular unlike bone

48
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

most common
both collagen and elastic fibres
articular surfaces of bones, tracheal rings, bronchi of lungs, tip of the nose

49
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

large numbers of elastic fibres

gives form to external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tubes

50
Q

Describe fibrocartialge

A

small quantities of matrix and abundant fibrous elements
strong, rigid
pubis symphyses, IV disks, near site of attachment of some large tendons to bones

51
Q

what are the main changes seen in an osteoarthritic joint?

A 
thickened capsule
cyst formation and sclerosis of subchondral bone
fibrillated cartilage
osteophytic lipping
synovial hypertrophy
altered contour of bone
52
Q

What causes damage to cartilage in OA?

A

decreases in water content, proteoglycan synthesis, collagen cross linking, size of GAGs and hyaluronic acid
traumatic damage

53
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual loss of cartilage and resulting in the development of bony spurs and cysts and the margin of the joint

54
Q

What are the causes of OA?

A

primary - degenerative

secondary - trauma, hip dysplasia, infection, diabetes

55
Q

who is most affected by OA?

A

women over 45

56
Q

What is seen in an X-ray of an OA joint?

A

joint space narrowing
osteophytes
subchondral bone sclerosis
cyst formation

57
Q

What is ECM?

A

extracellular matrix
a complex network of proteins and polysaccharides
secreted locally
provides structural, adhesive and biochemical signalling support

58
Q

What makes up ECM?

A

fibres - collagen and elastin

ground substance - proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins

59
Q

What are the functions of ECM?

A

mechanical and structural support
tensile strength
determines cellular movment

60
Q

what are the five classes of macromolecules found in ECM?

A 
collagens 
elastin
proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans
other glycoproteins
61
Q

where is type I collagen found?

A

dermis, tendons, ligaments, bones

62
Q

where is type II collagen found?

A

hyaline cartilage

63
Q

Where is type III collagen found?

A

liver, bone marrow, lymphoid organs

64
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

basement membrane

65
Q

Where is type V collagen found?

A

linker to basement membrane

66
Q

Describe GAGs

A

also called mucopolysaccharides
chains of repeating disaccharide units
carbohydrate component of proteoglycans

67
Q

What GAG is found in the synovial fluid?

A

hyaluronic acid

68
Q

What GAGs are found in cartilage?

A

chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate

69
Q

What GAG is found in the basement membrane?

A

Heparin sulphate

70
Q

what makes aggrecan and where is it found?

A

chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate

cartilage

71
Q

What is perlecan made from and where is it found?

A

heparan sulphate

basement membrane

72
Q

What is syndecan made from and where is it found?

A

chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate

cartialge

73
Q

What is decorin made from and where is it found?

A

chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate

wide spread

74
Q

Give examples of 5 glycoproteins

A 
fibrillar
fibronectin
laminin
entactin
tenascin
75
Q

What does fibrillin do?

A

controls deposition and orientation of elastins

76
Q

what does fibronectin do?

A

linker role in BM

77
Q

What does laminin do?

A

primary organiser in BM

78
Q

What does entactin do?

A

linker role in BM

79
Q

What does tenascin do?

A

linker role in connective tissue

80
Q

How is collagen made?

A

synthesised as pro collagen
post-translational modification - glycosylation and hydroxylation
assembled as triple helix

81
Q

How is elastin made?

A

synthesised as tropo elastin
post-translational modification - hydroxylation
assembled in fibrillin scaffold, cross-linked fibres

82
Q

What are the three layers of the basement membrane?

A

lamina lucida
lamina densa
lamina fibroreticularis

83
Q

what is the basement membrane composed of?

A

collagen
laminin
perlecan
entactan

84
Q

what are the functions of the basement membrane?

A 
support
binding to underlying connective tissues
mediates signalling
determines cell polarity 
permits flow of nutrients
path for cell migration 
barrier to downward growth
85
Q

Give examples of disorders of BM

A

cancer - epithelial tumours malignant when breach BM
Diabetes - thickening of BM of glomerulus alters function
epidermolysis bullosa - attachment of epidermis to BM
Good pastures syndrome - autoantibodies to collagen IV destroy BM in lung and glomerulus

86
Q

A condition caused by problem in elastin

A

supravalvular aortic stenosis

87
Q

A condition causes by a problem with fibrillin I

A

Marstan syndrome

88
Q

A condition caused by a problem with collagen

A

etlers danlos syndrome

89
Q

a condition caused by problem in keratan sulphate

A

macular corneal dystrophy

90
Q

a condition caused by problem with perlecan

A

Silverman-Handermaker type of dyssegmental dysplasia (DDSH) lethal dwarfism

MBCHB1 exam (28 decks)

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