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MBCHB1 exam > Limbs and back week 2 > Flashcards

Limbs and back week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

briefly describe tendons

A

dense regularly arranged tissue that attach muscle to bone
highest tensile strength of all connective tissue
high proportion of collagen
closely packed parallel arranged in direction of force

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2
Q

Describe the composition of tendons

A

dense connective tissue (parallel fibres of collagen I)
sparsely vascularised
cellular (fibroblasts / tenocytes ) - 20%
Extracellular (80%) 70% water, 30% solids - collagen I, ground substance, elastin, collagen III

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3
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the supraspinatous muscle?

A

supraspinous fossa

greater tubercle

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4
Q

What is the function of the supraspinatous?

A

assists in the abduction of the nerve

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the supraspinatous?

A

supra scapular nerve

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6
Q

What is the origin and insertion of teres minor?

A

axillary border

greater tubercle

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7
Q

What is the function of teres minor?

A

external rotation

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8
Q

What is the innervation of theres minor?

A

axillary nerve

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9
Q

What is the origin and insertion of infraspinatous?

A

infraspinatous border

greater tubercle

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10
Q

What is the function of the infraspinatous?

A

external rotation

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11
Q

What is the innervation of infraspinatous?

A

supra scapular nerve

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12
Q

What is the origin and insertion of subscapularis?

A

sub scapular fossa

lesser tubercle

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13
Q

What is the function of subscapularis?

A

internal roation

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14
Q

What is the innervation of subscapularis?

A

supra-scapular nerve

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15
Q

What are risk factors associated with tendon injuries?

A 
older age
attrition (wear and tear)
bone spurs
acromion shape
tendonopathy leading to tears
trauma (mostly acute)
genetic
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16
Q

What are the two types of tendon injury?

A

acute and chronic

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17
Q

What tests can be used to assess the supraspinatous?

A

ROM - forward elevation / abduction

Strength - arms out in scapular plane - don’t let me push your arms down

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18
Q

What tests can be used to examine infraspinatous and teres minor?

A

ROM - external rotation with elbow at side

Strength - arms tucked in and resisted external rotation

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19
Q

What tests can be used to examine subscapularis?

A

ROM - thumb behind back

Strength - belly press / push off behind back

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20
Q

What are non-operative treatment options for rotator cuff tears?

A

physiotherapy
injection (steroid / local anaesthetic ) for pain
analgesia

21
Q

What are surgical treatment options for rotator cuff tears?

A

repair tendon to bone - arthroscopic / open surgery

platelet rich plasma injection?

22
Q

What is involved in the physiotherapy treatment of rotator cuff tears?

A

early controlled mobilisation

23
Q

what are the joints of the shoulder?

A

glen-humeral joint

accromio-clavicular joint

24
Q

What are the roots of the axillary nerve?

A

C5 and C6

25
Q

What muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?

A

teres minor and deltoid

26
Q

What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7

27
Q

What muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

coracobrachialis, brachial, biceps bracchi

28
Q

What are the roots of the radial nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

29
Q

What muscles are innervated by the radial nerve?

A

triceps brachia, extensor and supinator muscles

30
Q

What are the roots of the ulnar nerve?

A

(C7) C8, T1

31
Q

What muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

antebrachial, hypothenar, deep intrinsic muscles of the hand

32
Q

What are the roots for the median nerve?

A

C6, C7, C8, T1

33
Q

What muscles are innervated by the median nerve

A

ante brachial, thenar muscles, some lumbricles

34
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

35
Q

Describe the tunica intima

A

a single layer of squamous epithelium

provides a smooth, friction-reducing lining for the vessel

36
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

smooth muscle, connective tissue (elastic fibres)

vasoconstriction and vasodilation to control BP

37
Q

Describe the tunica externa

A

made of fibrous connective tissue

protective and supporting layer

38
Q

Describe anastmoses

A

arterioles communicating with another form anastomoses
anatomical - circle of Willis in the brain
functional - mesenteric vessels of the GI tract

39
Q

Describe collateral circulation

A

enlargement of vascular results in collateral circulation

small arteries anastomose more frequently and can result in extensive networks allowing ongoing perfusion

40
Q

name peripheral pulses

A 
temporal 
carotid
brachial
popliteal
dorsalis
posterior tibial
41
Q

Give examples of some non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

increasing age
male sex
family history

42
Q

Give examples of some modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis

A 
hyperlipidaemia
hypertension
smoking 
diabetes
obesity
43
Q

What is an aneurism?

A

localised dilation of the affected artery over 50% normal diameter

44
Q

What are some causes of aneurism?

A 
atherosclerotic
congenital
 post-stenotic
traumatic
inflammatory 
mycotic
45
Q

What is an embolism?

A

the blockage of a blood vessel by solid, liquid, or gas at a site distant from its origin

46
Q

Describe the triple helix structure of collagen

A

3 polypeptide chains
each chain is a polipropine helix
each chain folds into triple helix
each chain has a repeating glycine-X-Y residue

47
Q

Describe collagen maturation

A

formation of collagen alpha chain in the ER
3 come together, spontaneously form triple helix
moved to golgi
pumped out into the extracellular space
proteins interact to form fibrils - aggregates
larger than the cells that secreted them

48
Q

What are the most common results of sport injuries?

A

fractures and dislocations
major muscle - ligament - tendon injuries
head and spinal injuries
chest and abdominal injuries

MBCHB1 exam (28 decks)

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