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Ungulate Anatomy final > Pharynx/larynx > Flashcards

Pharynx/larynx Flashcards

1
Q

boundaries of pharynx (overall)

A
  • dorsally by nasal septum
  • rostrally by hard palate
  • caudally by trachea and roof of nasopharynx
  • ventrally by tongue
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2
Q

boundaries of nasopharynx

A
  • rostrally by soft and hard palate
  • dorsally by nasal septum
  • caudally by roof of nasopharynx
  • ventrally by palatopharyngeal arch
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3
Q

boundaries of oropharynx

A
  • dorsally by soft palate

- ventrally by tongue

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4
Q

boundaries of laryngopharynx

A
  • dorsally by epiglottis

- caudally by trachea

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5
Q

what is alar cartilage

A

supports the nasal rim of the nostril

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6
Q

what is the vomer

A

gutter-shaped bone supporting the floors of the cartilaginous nasal septum (caudal ventral in the septum)

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7
Q

ostium

A
  • mouth or orifice
  • opening into a tubular organ
  • area between 2 distinct body cavities
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8
Q

orifice

A
  • entrance or outlet in any body cavity

- any foramen, meatus, or opening

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9
Q

meatus

A
  • opening or passage (4 nasal passageways)

- ventral/middle/dorsal/common nasal meatus

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10
Q

pharynx

A

crossroads of the digestive and respiratory tracts

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11
Q

auditory tube

A

narrow channel connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear

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12
Q

what is an obligate nasal breather and what species

A

cannot breathe through mouth (horses, camelids)

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13
Q

how do tonsils differ from lymph nodes

A
  • tonsils are lymphoepithelial structures made up of aggregations of unencapsulated lymph nodes within various mucosa
  • lymph nodes are made up of lymphoid tissue as well but consist of an outer cortical and an inner medullary part (main source of lymphocytes)
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14
Q

unique anatomy of the bovine palatine tonsil

A
  • like a leaf with veins opening into the oropharynx

- buried deep and only an orifice is visible

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15
Q

what is the piriform recess

A
  • pair of gutters that run beside the rostral projection of the larynx, below the epiglottis, and into the parynx
  • lateral to the larynx and form the ventral part of the laryngeal pharynx
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16
Q

functional significance of the piriform recess

A

helpful to the ox because it lets saliva dribble down to the esophagus without swallowing mass amounts of saliva to buffer the rumen

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17
Q

topography of the equine auditory tube diverticula

A
  • gutteral pouches (membranous expansions of the auditory tubes)
  • right and left pouches divided by a septum
  • each side divided into medial and lateral compartments by stylohyoid bone
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18
Q

what is clinical significance of auditory tube diverticula

A

many important structures lie against the lateral wall

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19
Q

what vessels, nerves, lymph nodes lie adjacent to gutteral pouches

A
  • internal carotid
  • external carotid
  • retropharyngeal lymph nodes
  • cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII
20
Q

what muscles pull the hyoid apparatus rostral and caudal

A
  • caudal/ventral: sternohyoideus/thyroideus

- rostral: geniohyoideus

21
Q

how could you pull the larynx forward to aid intubation

A

pull the tongue

22
Q

what component of the hyoid apparatus is the largest and which bears a lingual process in the horse

A
  • largest: stylohyoid

- basihyoid has a lingual process

23
Q

where is the hyoid apparatus attached to the skull

A

at the base of the skull by the cartilage of the auditory tube

24
Q

what is the only hyoid bone to cross the midline

A

basihyoid

25
Q

what are 4 functions of the glottis in domestic mammals

A
  • prevent entry of debris into trachea
  • create negative pressure in the thorax
  • trap air inthe chest during the abdominal press
  • dislodge foreign matter from the vestibule
26
Q

glottic cleft v glottis

A
  • glottic cleft: narrow passageway through the glottis

- glottis: vocal folds + arytenoid cartilages and covering mucosa

27
Q

shape, composition, position of epiglottis

A
  • shape = flap
  • composition = elastic cartilage
  • position = entry to larynx
28
Q

shape, composition, position of thyroid cartilages

A
  • shape = U shaped, large
  • composition = hyaline cartilage
  • position = cradles larynx
29
Q

shape, composition, position of cricoid cartilages

A
  • shape = ring
  • composition = hyaline cartilage
  • position = surrounds larynx, wide dorsally to furnish attachment for cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
30
Q

shape, composition, position of arytenoid cartilage

A
  • shape = small and triangular
  • composition = hyaline cartilage
  • position = ventral angle is the vocal process to which the vocal ligament and vocalis muscle attaches, lateral angle is the muscular process to which the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle attaches, articulates with cricoid cartilage
31
Q

which laryngeal cartilage is paired

A

arytenoid

32
Q

which laryngeal cartilage forms a complete ring

A

cricoid

33
Q

2 unique features of equine thyroid cartilage

A
  • prominent thyroid notch

- ossified portion

34
Q

why is the respiratory tract lined with cartilage from nostril to small bronchioles

A

needs to maintain patency (unobstructed/open) of the airways

35
Q

what is the relationship of vocal folds to the laryngeal ventricle

A

-animals with true vocal folds have laryngeal ventricles

36
Q

true vocal folds and laryngeal ventricles are found in which domestic species

A

human, dog, horse, pig

37
Q

what is found in species without vocal fold/laryngeal ventricle and how does it affect phonation

A
  • ruminants and cats have vocal ridge

- softer vocalization

38
Q

what are major muscles of larynx?

A
  • cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
  • cricoarytenoideus lateralis
  • vocalis
  • cricothroid
39
Q

function, innervation of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

A
  • dilate glottis, pull vocal folds lateral

- recurrent laryngeal nerve

40
Q

function, innervation of cricoarytenoideus lateralis

A
  • constrict glottis, pull vocal folds medial

- recurrent laryngeal nerve

41
Q

function, innervation of vocalis muscle

A
  • relaxes vocal fold, pulls arytenoid cartilage down

- recurrent laryngeal nerve

42
Q

innervation of cricothyroid muscle

A

cranial laryngeal nerve

43
Q

what is the afferent nerve of the gag reflex that occurs when a foreign material enters larynx

A

cranial laryngeal nerve

44
Q

why is roaring called laryngeal hemiplasia

A

paralyzes the larynx due to recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, mostly left side only

45
Q

what anatomic differences of the topography of the recurrent laryngeal nerves are probably responsible for the asymmetry

A

intrathoracic course of the recurrent nerve differs from left to right (left more susceptible)

Ungulate Anatomy final (9 decks)

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