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Ungulate Anatomy final > Genital system > Flashcards

Genital system Flashcards

1
Q

how does the position of the ovary vary among domestic mammals

A
  • carnivores: more cranial due to the suspensory ligament

- ungulates: ovary more caudal, esp in cow with no suspensory ligament

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2
Q

what causes differences in ovarian position and how does it relate to the formation of the ovarian bursa

A
  • ovary descends slightly due to contraction of the gubernaculum
  • this is the reason for the ascending and descending path of the uterine tube = oviduct, which forms the ovarian bursa
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3
Q

what forms the wall of the ovarian bursa

A

mostly from the mesosalpinx but also mesovarium

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4
Q

how does the peritoneal opening of dog and ungulate compare

A
  • small slit-like opening in the bitch but is wide open in ungulates
  • wall is fat-filled in dog, more transparent in ungulates
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5
Q

in what ways is the ovary of the mare different from that of other ungulates

A

presence of an ovulation fossa on the free border of the smooth-surfaced ovary

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6
Q

how does fusion of the uterine horns and other derivatives of the paramesonephric ducts vary among the domestic mammals

A
  • degree of fusion of uterine horns is variable (woman > mare > cow > sow/bitch > doe/rabbit > marsupial
  • intercornual ligament also varies in domestic species (absent in mare, prominent in cow)
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7
Q

compare and contrast the uterine blood supply of ungulates and the dog

A
  • dog: 2 arteries (uterine branch of ovarian artery, uterine artery - uterine branch of the vaginal, main supply of uterus)
  • cow/mare/sow: 3 arteries (uterine branch of ovarian artery, uterine branch of vaginal artery, middle uterine artery - main)
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8
Q

compare the vascular supply/drainage of the ovary and uterus of ruminants v mare

A
  • cow and mare have 3 arteries that supply blood to the female genital tract (uterine branch of ovarian artery, uterine branch of vaginal artery, middle uterine artery)
  • venous drainage: main drainage of uterus is via ovarian vein
  • vascular countercurrent exchange in ruminants, not mare
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9
Q

physiological significance of vascular supply/drainage in mare/cow

A

ovarian artery closely attached to the ovarian vein, allowing luteolytic factors from the uterus to be transferred from the vein to the artery and then carried to the ovary where lysis of the CL takes place in ruminants (not in the mare)

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10
Q

2 things (normal or abnormal) that make pipette passage difficult in a cow

A
  • transverse folds

- must open suburethral diverticulum

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11
Q

which female animal has the most well-developed clitoris and how does she use it

A

-mare –> protrusion from clitoral fossa in heat = ‘winking’

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12
Q

species, gender, location of urethral sinus

A
  • dorsal diverticulum located in male horse penis off fossa glandis
  • location of bean formation from smegma and urine
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13
Q

species, gender, location of urethral diverticulum

A
  • bull, buck, ram, boar, llama
  • near ischiatic arch
  • causes catheterization problems if tip lodges here
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14
Q

species, gender, location of suburethral diverticulum

A
  • cow and sow vestibule

- must be opened in order to visualize the urethral orifice

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15
Q

species, gender, location of preputial diverticulum

A
  • boar preputial opening
  • ‘stink bag’
  • masturbation problem can occur if boar learns to ejaculate into diverticulum –> boar taint
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16
Q

how many pairs of mammary glands present in sow, queen, cow, mare, ewe, doe

A
  • sow: 7 pairs
  • bitch: 5 pairs
  • cow: 2 pairs
  • queen: 4 paits
  • mare, ewe, doe: 1 pair
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17
Q

why is the saying ‘worthless as teats on a boar hog’ erroneous

A

number of teats on a boar hog determines the number of teats that will be on his female offspring

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18
Q

which species lack male nipples

A

male horses

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19
Q

udder primary vascular supply

A
  • external pudendal artery and vein
  • main supply to the udder –> passes through inguinal canal
  • sigmoid flexure on artery straightens out when gland is heavy
  • toxic mastitis: ligation of artery can decrease vascular flow (called udder amputation because it eventually atrophies/sloughs off)
20
Q

udder secondary vascular supply

A
  • caudal and cranial epigastric veins unite to form subcutaneous abdominal veins
  • drain to the internal thoracic veins by penetrating through the abdominal wall to form the ‘milk well’
  • udder edema from poor development of the secondary venous system in heifers
21
Q

compare and contrast the 2 types of erectile tissue of the penis

A
  • corpus cavernosum: paired crura that unite to form the body of the penis and attach to the ischial arch
  • corpus spongiosum: unpaired with a thin tunica albuginea, sits in ventral groove of corpus cavernosum
22
Q

muscles associated with penile erectile tissue

A
  • corpus cavernosum: ischiocavernosus m

- corpus spongiosum: bulbospongiosus m

23
Q

compare and contrast the penile anatomy of dog, horse, bull

A
  • horse: musculocutaneous penis, very elastic, elongation due to stretching
  • bull: fibrous penis, rigid, elongation from straightening of sigmoid flexure
  • dog: osseous penis
24
Q

difference in tom cat penis

A
  • caudal direction until erection

- spines that hold the penis in the vagina

25
Q

what is smegma

A

waxy fetid secretion associated with male external genitalia

26
Q

what is the bean

A
  • hard concretion formed in horse urethral sinus
  • formed from crystalized urine and smegma
  • found in urethral sinus
27
Q

proper name and significance of ‘stink bag’ in boars

A
  • preputial diverticulum
  • found in boar preputial opening
  • masturbation problems if boar learns to ejaculate into diverticulum –> boar taint
28
Q

what causes descent of male testis

A

pull of the shrinking gubernaculum (as water is extruded)

29
Q

what is the result of failure of testicular descent

A

cryptorchidism (hidden testicle)

30
Q

what is the consequence of transection of the retractor penis muscle in horse v bull or steer

A
  • horse: not essential for erection so no significant change

- bull: necessary to create sigmoid flexure and retract penis –> serious effect

31
Q

what male accessory sex gland is near the ischiatic arch

A

bulbourethral gland

32
Q

what is the probable function of bulbourethral gland

A

produces a watery secretion that may cleanse the urethra before sperm fraction passes

33
Q

which muscle is most responsible for erection in dog, horse, bull

A
  • dog: musculocavernosus
  • horse: musculocavernosus
  • bull: retractor penis
34
Q

compare pressures inside erectile tissue of stallion and bull during erection - why is one much higher

A

in the bull, the pressure in side the urethral sinus is lower when erect due to ischiocavernosus putting pressure on crura

35
Q

what is belling

A

occurs in both horse and primate - radial swelling of the glans during coitus so penis is sealed in vagina preventing loss of semen in caudal direction

36
Q

testis v testes v testicle

A
  • testis: singular
  • testes: plural
  • testicle: testis + epididymis
37
Q

vas deferens v ductus deferens

A
  • vas: clinical term

- ductus: anatomical term

38
Q

cod? pizzle?

A
  • cod: fat-filled scrotal sacs

- pizzle: lay term for penis

39
Q

origin of the cremaster muscle

A

internal abdominal oblique

40
Q

relationship of cremaster muscle to spermatic cord

A

cremaster muscle located outside spermatic cord –> muscle may withdraw testicles toward inguinal canal

41
Q

what is the unusual anatomic site of calculi in steers and why

A
  • distal loop because this loop tends to kink

- the proximal loop is a smooth curve

42
Q

why is the seminal vesicle not a good place for semen storage

A

deep within the pelvis where the internal temperature would not be optimal for survival

43
Q

what is the urethral process and in which domestic animals is it elongated

A
  • projection from the end of the penis

- ram and buck

44
Q

compare/contrast male/female urinary tract anatomy with regard to disease vulnerability

A
  • urethra is longer and more slender in males –> less likely to be infected but prone to plugging by calculi
  • females have shorter but wider urethrea which is less prone to blockage but more prone to UTI
45
Q

why does testicular descent occur

A

gubernaculum extrudes fluid and shrinks, pulling the ductus deferens or looping the ductus deferens around the distal end of the ureter

46
Q

how does testicular descent affect the topographic relationship of the ductus deferens to the ureter and what is the surgical significance

A

descent pulls the ductus deferens taught, especially when the bladder is full, and can cause damage to the insertion of the ureter into the neck of the bladder –> thus surgically significant

47
Q

why is the tunica albuginea so thick in the bull

A

tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum is thicker and less elastic, which helps to withstand the high pressures within the enclosed erectile tissue –> rupture results in blow out

Ungulate Anatomy final (9 decks)

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