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Ungulate Anatomy final > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

only one member of the sex will exhibit a structure or physical characteristic

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2
Q

examples of sexual dimorphism (antlers, horns, teeth)

A
  • antlers: deer, moose, elk males only
  • horns: both sexes except dorset sheep
  • teeth: horse canines in mares often small, may not erupt
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3
Q

what is rule of 7/11

A
  • basic mammal has 11 teeth in each of the 4 quadrants or less
  • basic mammal has 7 deciduous teeth or less
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4
Q

how are the canine teeth of dogs and horses different

A
  • puppies have deciduous and permanent canines

- horses only have permanent canine teeth

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5
Q

what distinguishes the appearance of molars and premolars in general

A

-premolars have deciduous precursors (horses are the exception)

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6
Q

directional terms for tooth sides

A
  • labial = lip side (incisors, canines)
  • buccal = cheek side (cheek teeth)
  • lingual = tongue side (incisors, mandibular teeth)
  • palatal = hard palate side (upper cheek teeth)
  • occlusal = chewing surface
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7
Q

what is dental occlusion

A

contact between maxillary and mandibular teeth

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8
Q

which equine teeth are non-occlusal and why

A

canines and wolf teeth

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9
Q

what is the apical end of a tooth

A

opposite from the crown

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10
Q

significance of temporary tuberosities (eruption bumps)

A
  • occur at the apical end of mandibular cheek teeth 2-4

- occur because unerupted permanent teeth are so long that there is not enough room for them in the mandible

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11
Q

why are temporary tuberosities temporary

A

eruption is a continuous process throughout life

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12
Q

compare and contrast brachydont and hypsodont teeth

A
  • brachydont: eruption process finished shortly after initial eruption (most common)
  • hypsodont: eruption is continuous throughout life, but growth of the teeth stops at a young age
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13
Q

crowns

A
  • erupted part of tooth = clinical crown

- unerupted part of tooth = reserve crown

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14
Q

what tooth is brachydont in horses

A
  • wolf teeth are brachydont

- canine teeth are between brachy and hypso

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15
Q

what is dental attrition and how does it sharpen teeth

A
  • grinding down of teeth due to wear on the occlusal surfaces
  • causes shortening, enamel worn down less and is sharpened
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16
Q

what is meant by the term cheek teeth

A

premolars and molars

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17
Q

which premolar does not belong to the cheek teeth

A

PM1

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18
Q

what is the PM or M number of cheek teeth 1, 3, and 6

A

CT1 = PM2, CT3 = PM4, CT6 = M2

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19
Q

compare and contrast cheek teeth of horse and cattle

A
  • horses: PM2-4 are about same size as molars (molarization) –> increased chewing efficiency
  • horses have more developed cheek teeth
20
Q

compare camelid and ruminant dentition

A
  • both have dental pads
  • camelids have upper canines and I3 in addition to dental pad
  • camelid lower canines are differentiated from incisors
  • ruminans: canine is I4
  • fighting teeth in camelids are upper canines and I3
21
Q

what are the tusks of swine and elephants

A
  • swine: canines

- elephants: upper I2s

22
Q

how are tusks similar to rodent incisors

A
  • continuous growth and eruption

- wide open root to facilitate growth (increase in length) throughout life

23
Q

significance of infolded enamel

A

allows for longer cutting edge to be crammed into the small space occupied by a tooth

24
Q

in what 2 ways does enamel infolding occur

A
  • at the periphery of the tooth (increases the length of the enamel cutting edge)
  • at occlusal surface to form the infundibula
25
Q

cup v infundibulum

A

cup is the depression in the infundibulum and is often filled with black decaying material

26
Q

enamel spot v dental star

A
  • enamel spot is the bottom of the cup

- dental star is a darker, secondary dentin filling the pulp cavity that is rostral to the enamel spot

27
Q

which teeth have infundibula and how many in the horse/ox

A
  • incisors, upper cheek teeth have infundibula
  • all upper cheek teeth have 2 in horses
  • ruminants have 1 in the PM and 2 in molars
28
Q

what forms the ruminant corner teeth

A

I3 and I4

29
Q

what is the dental pad and in which animals

A
  • heavily cornified epithelium used, in conjunction with the lower incisors, to grind food
  • replaces the upper incisors and canines
  • ruminants and camelids
30
Q

what is the wolf tooth? why removed? why are they not cheek teeth?

A
  • PM1 in horses
  • removed to prevent interference with bit
  • they don’t sit in the cheek area like other PM/M
31
Q

caps

A

deciduous tooth remaining attached to its permanent replacement (Dp2-4)

32
Q

alveolus

A

bony sockets of the incisive, mandible, and maxillary bones in which the roots of the teeth are embedded

33
Q

deciduous teeth

A
  • “baby teeth” that develop early in life to give the young animal a functional set of teeth
  • smaller and fewer in number than permanent teeth
34
Q

at what age will a horse obtain a full in wear deciduous mouth? a full in wear permanent mouth?

A
  • full deciduous: 9 months (2 years??)

- permanent: 5 years

35
Q

what 2 equine teeth are most often not present in either gender?

A

upper and lower PM1

36
Q

which 4 tooth numbers are most often not present in most mares

A

canines (#4)

37
Q

which numbers are not present as deciduous teeth

A

canines (4), molars (8-10)

38
Q

which numbers are most likely to cause problems with bits

A

105 and 205 (wolf teeth)

39
Q

what are the 2 major factors used in dental age estimation

A
  • eruption dates (most reliable)

- wear (first “in wear” and then “level” when occlusal surface is worn down)

40
Q

why are hypsodont teeth protected from abscess

A

enamel protects the unerupted portion of the tooth from bacterial penetration

41
Q

what happens instead of an abscess in hypsodont teeth

A

alveolar periostitis (inflammation of the alveolar periosteum)

42
Q

horns v antlers

A
  • horns: hollow, don’t shed, polled, not branched

- antlers: solid, shed annually, no polling, branched

43
Q

what is polled

A

horns that do not develop

44
Q

what are some polled breeds

A
  • cattle: polled hereford, red polled ostland, swedish red polled
  • goat: chedgde polled
  • sheep: polled dorset
45
Q

why is polled a problem for goats

A

associated with hermaphrodism in homozygotes

46
Q

how could a breeder breed for polled goat kids without getting defects

A

heterozygotes are carriers –> breed homozygous polled with homozygous horned, half will be polled but no hermaphrodites

Ungulate Anatomy final (9 decks)

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