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Ungulate Anatomy final > Pelvic region > Flashcards

Pelvic region Flashcards

1
Q

What are the wings of the atlas and sacrum modifications of?

A

transverse process

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2
Q

how does the orientation of the wing of the ilium change as a calf or foal matures

A

wing of ileum is first vertical and changes to horizontal as the animal matures

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3
Q

what is the functional reason driving the change of the wing of the ileum with age

A

ileum must widen to support the weight of the GI tract -> calf is originally simple stomached, and as the rumen develops, the ileum must get wider to support the weight

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4
Q

compare fore v. hind limb extrinsic muscles –> why is one group insignificant

A
  • hind limb has more intrinsic muscles for pushing but limited extrinsic muscles
  • the forelimb has half as much intrinsic muscles but massive extrinsic muscles
  • extrinsic muscles are not as important in the hind limb during force transfer because the sacroiliac joint facilitates much of the force transfer from limbs to axial skeleton
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5
Q

what is the topographic relationship of longitudinal and circular muscle in the gut

A

-composed of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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6
Q

what are 2 specialized longitudinal muscle structures of the large intestine

A

-large intestine: bands are longitudinal smooth muscle while sacculations are circular and form when muscles contract

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7
Q

describe 2 smooth muscles attached to bone

A
  • rectococcygeous m: from the longitudinal (outer) muscle of the rectum to ventral part of caudal vertebrae; horizontally directed
  • retractor penis/clitoris m: vertically directed and deep to levator ani m.
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8
Q

what species have specialized longitudinal smooth muscle structures in LI

A

horses, pigs, humans

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9
Q

why is the pelvic diaphragm important in human anatomy

A

supports the abdominal viscera in standing or sitting persons

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10
Q

what is the structure of the pelvic diaphragm in domestic animals

A
  • coccygeus m. + levator ani m.

- arise from the inside of the pelvis and attach on the terminal parts of the digestive urogenital tracts and the tail

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11
Q

what is the value of the pelvic diaphragm in quadrupeds

A

main visceral pressure is here due to the abdominal press (the grunt)

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12
Q

what is the perineum

A
  • deep fascia and muscle

- seals the pelvic outlet around the terminal portions of the urogenital and digestive tracts

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13
Q

disorders of the perineum

A
  • dogs: perineal hernias in old males
  • mare: perineal lacerations during pregnancy (foal feet tear vestibule/rectum)
  • bull: ischiorectal approach to vesicular glands for removal
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14
Q

compare the sacrosciatic ligament of ungulates with the sacrotuberous ligament of the dog and cat

A
  • sacrosciatic ligament is broad, flat, and covers a huge area - caudal edge corresponds to sacrotuberous ligament
  • sacrotuberous ligament is cord-like
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15
Q

how are the greater and lesser sciatic foramen formed and what passes through them in the horse and ox

A
  • greater foramen: sciatic nerve and cranial gluteal

- lesser foramen: internal obturator tendon in the horse, caudal gluteal artery in the ruminant

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16
Q

what bones form the acetabulum

A

ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bones

17
Q

compare the pelvic floor of cow and horse

A

flat in the horse, concave in the cow

18
Q

why are the tuber ischii prominent in cattle but not in the horse

A

in the horse, they are covered by the vertebral origin of the semimembranosus m.

19
Q

what forms the pelvic inlet and outlet

A
  • inlet (bony): sacrum, iliac shafts, publis

- outlet (bone + ligament): Cd1, sacrosciatic ligament, ischial arch

20
Q

does dystocia occur at pelvic inlet or outet? why is this paradoxical?

A
  • inlet
  • inlet is much larger but outlet responds better to hormones
  • hormones relax pelvic outlet and sacroiliac joint so sacroiliac angle can be enlarged
21
Q

what part of the pelvic region is widest in the fetus, and what problems could this cause

A
  • widest at greater trochanters in the fetus

- causes hip lock at the pelvic inlet during calving

22
Q

colli v coli

A
  • colli: collar/neck

- coli: intestines or colon

23
Q

longus v longissimus

A
  • longus: long

- longissimus: longest

24
Q

peroneal v perineal

A
  • peroneal: outer side of the leg

- perineal: perineum/pelvis

25
Q

ilium v ileum

A
  • ilium: bone of the pelvis

- ileum: distal part of small intestine

26
Q

iliac v ileal

A
  • iliac: structures in the pelvis

- ileal: ileum of SI

27
Q

sciatic v ischiatic

A

both pertain to the ischium

28
Q

estrus v estrous

A
  • estrus: noun

- estrous: adjective

29
Q

prepuce v preputial

A
  • prepuce: noun

- preputial: adjective

30
Q

crus v crura v crural

A
  • crus: singular, noun
  • crura: plural, noun
  • crural: adjective
31
Q

what is functional significance of the sacroiliac joint

A

receives transfer of force from the hind limb to the axial skeleton

32
Q

how to detect sacroiliac luxation

A

from a caudal view by noting a unilateral elevation of the tuber sacrale

33
Q

how is sacroiliac luxation related to estrus in cattle

A

hormones during estrus relax sacroiliac joint and promote its elevation - makes it look like a luxation but actually a pseudoluxation

34
Q

what do terms hook bones and pin bones refer to

A
  • hook bones: tuber coxae

- pin bones: tuber ischii

35
Q

what is the significance of the pin bones with regard to calving

A

wider tuber ischii will facilitate greater ease during parturition

36
Q

differentiate between pelvic diaphragm and urogenital diaphragm

A
  • pelvic diaphragm is composed of 2 muscles and accommodates visceral pressure for abdominal press (attaches on terminal parts of digestive and urogenital tracts, more dorsal)
  • urogenital diaphragm is a fibrous connection between the ischial arch and the vestibule
37
Q

what is the function of the urogenital diaphragm

A

anchor the caudal part of the tract against the pull of a gravid uterus as a heavy fetus sinks in the abdominal cavity

38
Q

what is the structure and function of the constrictor vestibulae m. in the dog and cow

A
  • bitch: holds the male in the ‘tie’ by a sphincter-like action caudal to the bulbus glandis
  • cow: u-shaped and blends with the caudal ventral part of the levator ani m. near the external anal sphincter; just caudal to the major vestibular gland (covers retractor clitoris) - contraction narrows the genital passage and raises a ridge in its floor and makes the vulvar opening gape
39
Q

smooth or striated? levator ani, retractor penis, constrictor vestibulae, coccygeus, rectococcygeus, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter

A
  • levator ani: striated
  • retractor penis: smooth
  • constrictor vestibulae: striated
  • coccygeus: striated
  • rectococcygeus: smooth
  • internal anal sphincter: smooth
  • external anal sphincter: striated

Ungulate Anatomy final (9 decks)

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