Fetlock/digit/foot

Question 1

2 synonyms for proximal phalanx

Answer 1

long pastern bone, P1

Question 2

2 synonyms for middle phalanx

Answer 2

short pastern bone, P2

Question 3

2 synonyms for distal phalanx

Answer 3

coffin bone, P3

Question 4

synonym for distal sesamoid bone

Answer 4

navicular bone

Question 5

synonym for palmar or plantar

Answer 5

volar

Question 6

synonym for interosseus tendon

Answer 6

suspensory ligament

Question 7

synonym for superficial distal sesamoidean ligament

Answer 7

straight sesamoidean ligament

Question 8

synonym for middle distal sesamoidean ligament

Answer 8

oblique sesamoidean ligament

Question 9

what is the de facto proximal sesamoidean ligament

Answer 9

interosseous tendon

Question 10

which distal sesamoidean ligament spans over 2 joints

Answer 10

straight sesamoidean ligament

Question 11

why are the proximal sesamoid bones prone to fracture

Answer 11

• stress placed on the ligamentous system when body weight places downward force on the fetlock joint in rapid motion
• sesamoids caught between suspensory ligament and distal sesamoidean ligaments

Question 12

plantigrade

Answer 12

all of the foot (entire sole) on the ground —> humans, bears

Question 13

digitigrade

Answer 13

stands on the digital pads (camelids, carnivores)

Question 14

unguligrade

Answer 14

stands on the hoof (horses, cows, most ungulates)

Question 15

what are the 3 parts of the hoof wall

Answer 15

toe, quarters, heel

Question 16

what are the bars

Answer 16

where the wall is reflected inward and back towards the toe at the heel

Question 17

what is the white line and how is it significant

Answer 17

• junction of the wall and sole

- the spot where farriers place nails when shoeing

Question 18

frog

Answer 18

wedge-shaped, horny prominence in the sole of the horse’s hoof (space between the bars)

Question 19

heel

Answer 19

caudal part of the hoof

Question 20

bulbs

Answer 20

caudal aspect of the heel

Question 21

coronet

Answer 21

junction between skin and hoof

Question 22

deep grooves for hoof pick use

Answer 22

collateral sulci (paracuneal grooves)

Question 23

what produces hoof wall

Answer 23

• long conical papillae in the coronary band produce tubular horn (forms bulk of hoof wall)
• toe grows out slowly because it’s the long part of the wall and therefore is the oldest part of the hoof wall

Question 24

how does outgrowth of the wall affect its flexibility

Answer 24

as the wall ages, it becomes less moist and therefore less flexible

Question 25

what is the structure and function of the equine collateral cartilages of the coffin bone

Answer 25

• attached to the wings of the coffin bone and not the hoof
• when the foot strikes the ground, the digital cushion expands and pushes the collateral cartilages out so that the veins are compressed (forces blood to move up the leg)

Question 26

what are the principal attachments of the navicular bone

Answer 26

to the long pastern by suspensory ligaments of navicular bone and distal sesamoidean ligament bands navicular to the coffin bone

Question 27

what is on the dorsal and palmar surface of the navicular bone

Answer 27

• dorsal: in contact with the palmar surface of the coffin joint
• palmar: in contact with the navicular bursa

Question 28

what is the main structure putting pressure on the navicular bursa

Answer 28

deep flexor tendon

Question 29

what is the structure and significance of the digital cushion

Answer 29

• similar to the digital pad of the dog (made of collagen, adipose, hyaline cartilage)
• becomes squashed when weight is put on the foot and compresses the vein between the hoof wall and the cartilages and squeezes blood out of the venous space that lies between skin and cartilages

Question 30

bovine foot differences

Answer 30

• bear weight on the heel and wall
• heel separate from the wall, homologous to equine bulbs of heel)
• wall and sole but no homologue of the frog or collateral cartilage
• lack secondary laminae