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MD3002 - GI Anatomy > Pharynx > Flashcards

Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

muscular and fibrous tube between the base of the skull and lower border of cricoid cartilage (upper margin of C6)

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2
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

responsible for properly conducting food to the oesophagus and air into the lungs

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3
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx and what are they defined by?

A
  • nasopharynx posterior to the nasal cavity - choana
  • oropharynx, posterior to the oral cavity - oropharyngeal isthmus
  • larygopharynx, at the level of the larynx - laryngeal inlet
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4
Q

What muscles run between the torus tubaris and the pharynx and the palate?

A

salpingopharyngeus

salpingopalatine

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5
Q

What is torus tubaris?

A

inverted U-shaped cartilage;

2 muscles attach to the posterior and anterior arm

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6
Q
A

blue = torus tubaris

red = salpingophayngeus

green = salpingopalatine

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7
Q

What is the piriform fossa?

A

recess between phayngeal wall and quadrangular membrane

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8
Q

What are the circular muscles of the pharynx and what is their action?

A
  • constrictor muscles
    • superior pharyngeal
    • middle pharyngeal
    • inferior pharyngeal
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9
Q

What are the longitudnal muscles of the pharynx and what is their action?

A
  • elevator muscles
    • stylophayrngeus
    • palatopharyngeus
    • salpingopharynegus
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10
Q
A

red = superior pharyngeal

green = middle pharyngeal

blue = inferior pharyngeal

light blue = stylopharygeus

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11
Q

What is the sinus of Morgagni?

A

the space between the base of the skull and upper free border of superior constrictor

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12
Q

What is the sinus of Morgagni closed by?

A

pharyngobasilar fascia - keeps nasopharynx open

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13
Q

What is the pharyngobasilar fascia attached to?

A

medial pytergoid plate, internal to the attachment of the superior pharyngeal constrictor

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14
Q

What is the superior pharyngeal constrictor attached to?

A

pterygoid halmulus and pteryfomandibular raphe with the buccinator

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15
Q

What is the middle pharyngeal constrictor attached to?

A

hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament

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16
Q

What is the inferior pharyngeal constrictor attached to?

A

oblqiue line of the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

What is Killian’s dehiscence and what is likely to occur here?

A

inferior-most region of the inferior constrictor muscle, where the superior pharyngeal constrictor ends

Pharygoesophageal diverticulum (Zenker’s diverticulum)

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18
Q
A

Sinus of Morgagni closed by pharyngobasilar fascia

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19
Q
A

black = pharyngobasilar fascia

red = superior pharyngeal constrictor

green = middle pharyngeal constrictor

purple = inferior pharyngeal constrictor

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20
Q
A

Blue = pharyngeal raphe

Red = Killian’s dehisence

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21
Q

What is passavant’s ridge? And what does it surround? And give its function

A

(or palatopharyngeal sphincter)

mucosal ridge caused by superior pharyngeal constrictor or the palatopharyngeus

encircles the posterior and lateral walls of the nasopharynx

During swallowing it tocuhes to the soft palate to isolate the oropharynx from the nasopharynx

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22
Q
A

black = passavant’s ridge

23
Q

Where do the pharyngeal elevator muscles descend from?

A

the skull and out into the inner surface of the pharynx

24
Q

What is the action of palatopharyngeus? And why does it have unique actions?

A
  • elevates pharynx and larynx
  • draws the soft palate downwards
  • brings the palatopharyngeal arch backwards
    • separates the oral cavity from the pharynx

As both attachments are soft structures the muscle fibres can contract in both directions

25
Q

Where does stylopharyngeus extend from?

A

extends from the styloid process to pass between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors and fan into tje internal pharyngeal surface

26
Q

Where does salpingopharygeus descend into? And what is its function

A

descends into the pahrynx from the torus tubarius

opens the auditory tuve during swallowing

27
Q
A

green = salpingopharyngeus

blue = palatopharyngeus

red = stylopharyngeus

28
Q

Functions of the pharyngeal muscles

A
  • elevators pull the pharynx superiorly and recieve bolus
  • constrictors compress the lumen of the pharynx to push bolus towards oesophagus (contract from superior to inferior)
29
Q

inferior pahryngeal constrictor has a lower circular part around the upper oesophagus called criciopharyngeal sphincter. What is its function

A

prevents air being drawn into the stomach during inhalation

30
Q

What causes pharyngoesophgeal diverticulum?

A

lack of co-ordination between pharyngeal constrictors and cricopharyngeal sphincter

31
Q
A

green = salpingopharyngeus

red = stylopharyngeus

32
Q

Label the gaps and gateways

A

green = auditory tuve, levator palatini, tensor palatini

blue = (oropharyngeal triangle) stylopharyngeus muscle, glossopharyngeus nerve and sylohyoid ligament

black = internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve with superior laryngeal vessels (sensation to larynx above the vocal folds)

Red = recurrent laryngeal nerve (motor to intrinsic laryngeal inlet muscles except cricothyroid) with inferior laryngeal vessels

33
Q

What is the arterial supply of the upper pharynx?

A

branches of the external carotid

34
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lower pharynx?

A

branches of the inferior thyroid artery of thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery

35
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the pharynx

A

drainage by the pterygoid plexus will converge on the facial and internal jugular veins

36
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx

A

retropharyngeal, paratracheal and infrahyoid nodes –> on the deep cervical nodes

37
Q

Where do the palatine tonsils drain to?

A

jugulodigastric

38
Q

What is the only pharyngeal muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

stylopharyngeus

39
Q

What are all but one of the pharyngeal elevator muscle supplied by?

A

vagus nerve

40
Q

Where does the pharyngeal plexus lie and what does it include?

A

lies on the external pharyngeal wall

includes branches of C-IX, CN-X and cervical sympathetics

41
Q

Where are the visceral efferents of the pharynx from?

A

vagus and facial nerves

42
Q

What is the sensory supply of the nasopharynx?

A

maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

43
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve give sensory supply to?

A

oropharynx, palatine tonsils, inferior surface of soft palate and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

pain may be referred to the middle ear

44
Q

What is the sensory supply to the laryngopharynx, vallecula and epiglottis?

A

vagus

45
Q

During chewing food needs to be kept between the occusal surfaces of the molar teeth. What muscles are responsible for this?

A

buccalis muscle, together with the tongue

46
Q

During chewing the oropharyngeal isthmus must be closed. What muscles are responsible for this stating each of their actions?

A
  • soft palate is pulled down: palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
  • Tongue is drawn slightly upwards: palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
  • palatoglossal and palatophayngeal arches moves medially like curtains
47
Q

During swallowing the bolus is pushed towards the back of the oral cavity by raising the tip and body of the tongue towards the palate. What muscles are responsible for this?

A

mylohyoid and tongue muscles

48
Q

During swallowing the tongue is pulled upwards and backwards to tip the bolus through the oropharyngeal isthmus and into the pharynx. What muscles are responsible for this?

A

styloglossus

49
Q

During swallowing the soft palate is stretched and elevated. What muscles are responsible for this?

A

tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini

50
Q

elevated soft palate and passavant’s rudge separate the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. What muscle is responsible for this?

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor

51
Q

the pharynx is elevated by the pharyngeal elevators

A

stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus as well as stylohyoid and digastric

52
Q

What muscles close the laryngeal inlet?

A

tongue, aryepiglottic and thyroepiglottic muscles

53
Q

What muscles push the bolus towards the oesophagus?

A

pharyngeal constrictors

54
Q
A

MD3002 - GI Anatomy (11 decks)

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