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MD3002 - GI Anatomy > Development of the GI System > Flashcards

Development of the GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What develops in week 4 of embryo development?

A

The primitive yolk sac develops into the endodermal digestive tract or the gut tube

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2
Q

What does the connection between the gut tube and the secondary yolk sac become?

A

yolk stalk and then the Vitelline duct

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3
Q

What develops into the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Intraembryonic cavity (coelom)

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4
Q

What is the gut tube suspended by?

A

dorsal mesentery

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5
Q

What develops into visceral peritoneum?

A

visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm

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6
Q

What does the gut tube consist of?

A

consists of a blind-ended cranial foregut (defined as part of gut tube extending from the mouth to just distal of the developing liver), a blind- ended caudal hindgut, and a midgut that opens to the yolk sac through the vitelline duct

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7
Q

Where does the foregut terminate?

A

at the oropharyngeal membrane (or buccopharyngeal membrane)

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8
Q

Where does the hindgut terminate?

A

at the cloacal membrane

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9
Q

What does the foregut give rise to?

A

gives rise to the Oesophagus (which, in turn gives rise to Tracheo-bronchial tree), Stomach, Proximal duodenum, Liver􏰀 gall bladder, Pancreas

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10
Q

What has occured by week 5?

A

the thoracic and abdominal portion of the foregut is visibly divided into the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum

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11
Q

What is the arterial supply and nerve supply of the abdominal foregut?

A

coeliac trunk

T7-T9 - pian is referred to the epigastrium

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12
Q

What occurs to part of the foregut in week 4?

A

part of the foregut which will become the stomach starts to dilate and become fusiform

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13
Q

What results in the formation of the greater curvature, fundus and cardiac notch of the stomach?

A

Differential growth of the stomach walls (the dorsal wall of the stomach growing faster than the ventral wall)

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14
Q

What forms the lesswer curvature?

A

Deformation of the ventral stomach wall forms the lesser curvature

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15
Q

What happens to the stomach during weeks 6-7?

A

Stomach rotates 90° around its longitudinal axis

(while also rotating around its sagittal axis)

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16
Q

What is the result of rotation of the stomach around its longitudnal axis?

A

result of rotation around the longitudinal axis, left side faces anteriorly, the lesser curvature faces to the right and the greater curvature faces to the left

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17
Q

What is the result of rotation of the stomach through its saggital axis?

A

result of slight rotation around the sagittal axis, lesser curvature faces slightly upwards

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18
Q

Where does the duondeum form from?

A

foregut and beginning of midgut

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19
Q

Where is the duodenum initially found? How do rotations of the stomach affect the duodenum?

A

midline

  • rotate the duodenum
  • cause the duodenum get into C shape
  • displace the duodenum to the right until it lies against the dorsal body wall & become partially retroperitoneal
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20
Q

What occurs on approximatelt day 22 regarding the liver?

A

a small endodermal thickening, the hepatic plate, forms on the ventral side of the duodenum (hence in the ventral mesentery)

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21
Q

What does the hepatic plate develop in to?

A

hepatic diverticulum

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22
Q

What does the hepatic diverticulum give rise to?

A

inferior region of spetum transversum (which will become the diaphragm) and hepatoblasts

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23
Q

What do hepatoblasts become?

A

ecome hepatocytes (parenchyma), bile canaliculi of the liver (hepatic ducts)

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24
Q

What do liver sinusoids (stroma) develop from?

A

septum transversum

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25
Q

What does the ventral mesentery around the liver become?

A

its visceral peritoneum

26
Q

How does the ventral mesentery reflect?

A

reflects onto the diaphragm and the area between these reflections is the bare area of the liver is where it contacts the diaphragm

27
Q

What does the cystic diverticulum form?

A

gallbladder and cystic duct

28
Q

What occurs on day 26 regarding the pancreas and gall bladder?

A
  • pancreatic bud begins to grow into the dorsal mesentery just opposite the hepatic diverticulum
  • Another endodermal diverticulum, the ventral pancreatic bud, develops and grows into the ventral mesentery just caudal to the developing gallbladder
29
Q

What does the ventral pancreatic bud give rise to?

A
  • ventral pancreas –> uncinate process
  • the common bile duct
30
Q

How does the rotation of the duodenum impact the development of the pancreas?

A

rotation of the duodenum causes the ventral bud to migrate around to lie behind & fuse with the dorsal bud so that the adult pancreas lies in the curve of the duodenum

31
Q

What occurs when ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse?

A

theur ductal systems become interconnected

32
Q

What happens ti the proximal portion of the duct of dorsal pancreas?

A

degenerates

33
Q

What is a remnant of the duct of the dorsal bud?

A

accessory duct

34
Q

What buds unite to form the main pancreatic duct?

A

ducts of the dorsal and ventral buds

35
Q

How do the ventral and dorsal ducts regress?

A

ventral = distally

dorsal = proximally

36
Q

What does the spleen develop from?

A

a mesenchymal condensation develops within dorsal mesentery near the body wall.

condensation differentiates during the fifth week to form the spleen

37
Q

How is the spleen translocated?

A

rotation of the stomach and growth of the dorsal mesogastrium translocate the spleen to the left side of the abdominal cavity

38
Q

What is the portion of dorsal mesentery between the spleen and the stomach called?

A

gastrosplenic ligament.

39
Q

What does the midgut form?

A
  • distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, ascending colon, and proximal two thirds of the transverse colon
  • The future ileum elongates more rapidly and by the fifth week the midgut makes the primary intestinal loop
40
Q

What causes the primary intestinal loop to hernaite into the umbilicus during the 6th week?

A

Pressure of growing abdominal organs (especially the liver)

41
Q

What occurs as the primary loop herniates?

A

As the primary intestinal loop herniates, it rotates around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery by 90 degrees counter-clockwise (as viewed from the ventral side) so that the future ileum lies in the right abdomen and the future large intestine lies in the left abdomen

42
Q

What does the SI form by continuing with elongation?

A

jejunal-ileal loops

43
Q

What occurs during the 10th week?

A

midgut retracts into the abdomen

44
Q

What occurs during the 11th week?

A
  • eleventh week, the retracting midgut completes this rotation
  • the caecum is positioned just inferior to the liver.
45
Q

What happens to the caecum post being positioned just inferior to the liver?

A

caecum is then displaced inferiorly, pulling down the proximal hindgut to form the ascending colon.

46
Q

What happens to the descending colon around week 11?

A

descending colon is simultaneously fixed on the left side of the posterior abdominal wall. The jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon remain suspended by mesentery.

47
Q

What does the hindgut form?

A

forms the distal third of the transverse colon, the descending and sigmoid colon, and the upper two thirds of the anorectal canal.

48
Q

What expansion does the primitive gut tube form just superior to the clocal membrane?

A

cloaca

49
Q

What extends from the cloaca into the yolk sac?

A

a slim diverticulum called the allantois

50
Q

What occurs during the 4th to 6th weeks to the cloaca?

A

a coronal urorectal septum divides the cloaca

  • Anteriorly the cloaca develops into the urogenital sinus urogenital structures
  • Posteriorly the cloaca develops into the anorectal canal (proximal 2/3 anal canal)
51
Q

What does the pectinate line mark?

A

marks the boundary between hindgut endoderm and ectoderm, hence the boundary between different sources of blood & nerve (somatic vs autonomic)

52
Q

What does the remnant of ventral mesentery connecting the liver to the anterior body wall become?

A

falciform ligament

53
Q

What is the function of the free caudal margin of the falciform ligament?

A

carries the umbilical vein from the body wall to the liver

54
Q

What forms the lesser omentum?

A

The ventral mesentery between the liver and lesser curvature of the stomach

55
Q

What is the caudal border of the lesser omentum called?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

connecting the liver to the duodenum

56
Q

What does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?

A

the portal vein, the proper hepatic artery and the common bile

duct

57
Q

What is the region of the lesser omentum between the liver and the stomach called?

A

hepatogastric ligament

58
Q
A
  • In the ileum
  • In 2% of people
  • Remnant of the vitelline duct
  • It may ulcerate causing signs/ symptoms similar to appendicitis
  • Patent vitelline duct or vitelline fistula causes faecal discharge at the umbilicus
59
Q
A

The ventral pancreas may consist of two lobes, which if they migrate around the duodenum in opposite directions to fuse with the dorsal pancreatic bud, form an annular pancreas

60
Q

What is Hirschsprung disease?

A

Lack of normal development of the colonic innervation

Leads to a constricted aganglionic segment of bowel with a distended segment proximally the innervation of which is normal

61
Q
A

congenital abnormalities of the hindgut

A = urorectal fistula

B = Rectovaginal fistula

C = rectoperineal fistual

D = anal pit

MD3002 - GI Anatomy (11 decks)

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