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MD3002 - GI Anatomy > Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands > Flashcards

Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the componenents of the GI Tract?

A
  • oral cavity: teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum and ileum
  • Large intestine: caecum, veriform, appendix, accessory colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon
  • Rectum and anal canal
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2
Q

What are the main accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  • gall bladder
  • liver
  • pancreas
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3
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

preparation of food of cellulcar ultilisation

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4
Q

What are the 8 main processes that occur in the digestive system?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. masticuation
  3. deglutition (swallowing)
  4. propulsion; peristalsis and segmentation
  5. Mechanical digestion
  6. chemical digestion
  7. absoprtion
  8. defecation
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5
Q

What is the oral cavity?

A

space between the lips and cheeks and palatoglossal folds

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6
Q

Alternative names for palatoglossal folds

A

palatoglossal arches

anterior pillars of the fauces

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7
Q

Where is the oral cavity proper located?

A

internal to the teeth

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8
Q

Where does the vestibule lie?

A

between the lips and the cheeks externally and the gums and teeth internally

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9
Q

What is the boundary between the oral cavity and the pharynx?

A

palatoglossal folds

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10
Q
A

blue = palatoglossal folds

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11
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the oral vestibule?

A

cheek (buccae)

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12
Q

What is the cheek made up by?

A
  • skin
  • buccinator muscle
  • buccopharyngeal fascia
  • buccal glands
  • buccal fat pad
  • mucous membrane
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13
Q

What is the function of the buccal fact pad?

A

enhance the sucking capability of an infant by creating negative pressure

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14
Q

What is the function of the buccinator muscle?

A

mastication/chewing

creates continuity between the oral cavity and the pharynx

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15
Q

What is the buccinator muscle attached to?

A

maxilla, mandible and pterygomandibular raphe, where it fuses with the pharyngeal constrictor

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16
Q

Where do the fibres of buccinator terminate and what muscle do they contribute to?

A

fibres terminate in both lips and contribute to orbicularis oris muscle

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17
Q

What is the point of cross over of the buccinator muscle fibres called?

A

modiolus

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18
Q
A

black = pyterygomandibular raphe

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19
Q

What constitutes the anterior wall of the oral cavity?

A

lips

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20
Q

What are the lips internally and externally lined by?

A

internally = oral mucosa

externally = skin

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21
Q

What is between the skin and the mucous membrane of the lips? Describe this zone

A

vermilion (red) zone of the lips

  • poorly keratinised
  • rich in blood vessels
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22
Q

What connects the lips to the adjacent gum?

A

median labial frenulum

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23
Q

Where are the small labial glands located?

A

between the muscle tissue and the oral mucosa and open into the oral vestibule

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24
Q

What forms the roof od the oral cavity and separates it from the nasal cavity?

A

hard and soft palate

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25
Q

What forms the anterior 2/3 of the palate?

A

hard palate

  • palatine process of maxilla
  • horizontal plate of palatine bone
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26
Q

What travels in the incisive foramen?

A

nasopalatine nerve

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27
Q

What travels in the greater palatine foramen?

A

greater palatine nerve

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28
Q
A

red = incisive foramen

green = greter palatine foramen

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29
Q

Where is the soft palate attached to and what is it composed of?

A
  • attached to posterior border of the hard palate
  • composed of aponeurosis (perisoteum and tendon of tensor veli palatini), mucous glands and mucous membrane
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30
Q

What is the soft palate continous with at the sides?

A

latera; wall of the pharynx

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31
Q

What does the soft palate form?

A

superior and lateral margins of isthmus faucium

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32
Q

What is the projection in the midline of the posterior margin of the soft palate called?

A

uvula

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33
Q

What are Epstein’s pearls and who are they common in?

A

clusters of white spots in the midline at the junction of hard and soft palates

Common in neonates

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34
Q
A

red = uvula

35
Q

What two arches extend from the uvula to the lateral walls? And what forms between the two arches?

A
  • anteriorly = palatoglossal arch
  • posteriorly = palatopharyngeal arch
  • Tonsillar fossa is formed beyween the arches and houses the palatine tonsils
36
Q

What muscles attaches to the palatiglossal arch (anterior pillar)

A

palatoglossus muscle

37
Q

What muscles attaches to the palatopharyngeal arch (posterior pillar)

A

palatopharyngeus muscle

38
Q
A

red = palatoglossal arch

blue = palatopharyngeal arch

39
Q
A

red = palatoglossus arch

blue = palatopharyngeal arch

green = palatine tonsils

40
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate?

A
  • palatoglossus
  • palatophayngeus
  • levator veli palatini
  • tensor veli palatini
41
Q

What muscles of the soft palate are supplied by the vagus nerve?

A
  • palatoglossus
  • palatophayngeus
  • levator veli palatini
42
Q

What nerve supplies tensor veli palatini?

A

trigeminal (V) nerve

43
Q

What is the only muscle of mastication that opens the mouth?

A

lateral ptyergoid

44
Q

What nerve supplies the muscle of mastication?

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

45
Q
A

red = medial pterygoid

blue = lateral pterygoid

green = masseter

black = temporalis

46
Q

What forms the floor of the mouth and what is its function?

A

muscular diaphragm composed mainly of the mylohyoid muscle extending between the mandible and the hyoid bone

It forms a support for the tongue

47
Q

What is the tongue?

A

A ‘bag’ of striated muscles, covered with mucous membrane

48
Q

What are the main functions of the tongue?

A
  • mastication
  • deglutition
  • taste
  • speech
49
Q

Why does the tongue have a ‘fury’ appearance? And what is the function of this?

A

presence of papillae

  • grip food
  • house taste buds
50
Q

What are the main papillae of the tongue? And what are their specific functions?

A
  • vallate (circumvallate) papillae, foliate papillae, fungiform papillae = taste
  • filiform papillae = grip food
51
Q

What are the two groups of muscles of the tongue

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

52
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

attach the tongue to the styloid process and the soft palate above and to the mandible and hyoid bone

Alter position of (move) the tongue

53
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?

A

hypoglossal nerve

*except palatoglossus (pharyngeal plexus, CN-X)

54
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

confined to the tongue and are not attached to bone

alter the shape of the tongue

55
Q

What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN-XII)

56
Q

What is the action of palatoglossus and styloglossus?

A

draw the tongue upwards and backwards

57
Q

What is the action of the hyoglossus muscle?

A

draw the sides of the tongue down

58
Q

What is the most importsnt muscle of the tongue? and why?

A

genio-glossus

prevents sufocation when unconcious

59
Q

What separates the root (posterior 1/3) of the tongue from the body (naterior 2/3) of the tongue?

A

v-shaped sulcus terminalis

60
Q

What are the palatine and lingual tonsils?

A

collections of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the pharynx

61
Q

What are pockets or folds that occur naturally in the tonsils called?

A

crypt

62
Q

What tonsil bed is highly vascular and can cause difficulty during surgical removal?

A

palatine tonsils (tonsillar fossa)

bleeding comes from tonsillar branches of the palatine artery

63
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

tonsils form a lymphatic ring around the openings of the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts

64
Q

Draw Waldeyer’s ring

A
65
Q

What are the main functions of salivary glands?

A

secrete water, mucus, electrolytes and enzymes

  1. lubrication and binding for masticated food
  2. solubisation of dry food
  3. digestion of carbohydrates (α-amylase)
  4. Oral hygiene (lysozyme)
66
Q

What is the primary stimulus for salivary glands?

A

parasympathetic - secretomotor fibres from the facial (CN-VII) and glossopharyngeal (CN-IX) nerves

67
Q

Desrcibe the parotid gland

A

a erous gland enclosed within a tough, unyielding capsule

68
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A

lies in retromandibular fossa (below the external acoustic meatus, behind the ramus of mandible)

69
Q

Describe the course of the parotid duct (Stensen’s duct)

A

crosses masseter superifically, pierces buccinator and opens into the oral vestibule

70
Q

Terminal branching of what artery and nerve occurs in the parotid gland?

A

external carotid artery and facial nerve

71
Q
A

red = parotid gland

green = Parotid (Stensen’s) Duct

72
Q

Where exactly does Stensen’s duct open?

A

opposite the secondary maxillary molar tooth in the oral vestibule

73
Q
A

Multiple white spots around the orifice = Koplik spots

Unqiue sign for measles

74
Q

What type of gland is the sublingual gland and where are they located?

A

mucous glands

lies above mylohyoid muscle, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth

75
Q

How do the sublingual glands open?

A

open by 8-20 separate ducts into the floor of the mouth, along the sublingual fold

76
Q
A

green = sublingual fold

77
Q

Describe the submandibular glands and their location

A

mixed mucous and serous gland

lies beneath the lower border of the body of the mandible

78
Q

Where does the submandibular gland empty into?

A

oral cavity at sublingual papilla

79
Q

What is the most common site for sialoithiasis?

A

submandibular duct

80
Q
A

submandibular gland

81
Q
A

sublingual papilla

82
Q

What are the 4 regions of teeth in adults?

A
  • left/right
  • maxillary/mandibular
83
Q

What does each region of teeth have in adults?

A
  • 2 incisors
  • 1 canine
  • 2 premolars
  • 3 molar
84
Q

What are the arrangement of decidous teeth?

A

2 incisiors, 1 canine, 2 molars

MD3002 - GI Anatomy (11 decks)

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