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Phys And Pharm > Pharmokinetics > Flashcards

Pharmokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the enteral methods of drug administration

A

Oral
Rectal
Sublingual (under the tongue)

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2
Q

What are the parenteral methods of drug administration

A

Subcutaneous (under the skin)
Intramuscular
Intravenous

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3
Q

What is pharmokinetics

A

The kinetic change of the drug in the body overtime

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4
Q

What is first pass metabolism

A

Enteral drugs would pass through the liver and they would be metabolised before hey pass through to the systematic circulation

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5
Q

What is the transcellular and the paracellular drug movement

A

Transcellular is through the cells
Paracellular is between the cells

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6
Q

What is distribution

A

The movement of the drug in systematic circulation and to the tissues and the organs

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7
Q

What is bioavailability

A

The amount of drug that would pass through to the systematic circulation and into the tissues

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8
Q

How do you calculate bioavailability through the graphical information

A

Fo = AUC (oral) / AUC (intravenous)

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9
Q

What conditions are necessary for a drug to pass through the membrane

A

Small
Unionised
PH
Hydrophobic
Lipid based (lipodicity)

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10
Q

What conditions would be needed for a drug to be unionised

A

Acid PH environment and weak acid drug = unionised
Basic PH environment and weak base drug = unionised

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11
Q

What does the Henderson-hasslebalch equation show

A

The estimated PH

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12
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasslebalch equation for acids and bases

A

PH - PKA = ionised / unionised (acids)
PH-PKA = unionised / ionised (bases)

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13
Q

What factors would influence the drug dosage

A

Body surface area
Mass
Age (older you get the lower the amount of water in the body)

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14
Q

How would you calculate the volume distributed

A

Vd = drug dosage / plasma concentration

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15
Q

What is important about plasma proteins

A

Can bind to the drugs
Albumin can bind to the acidic and neutral drugs
AAG (glycoprotein) binds to the basic drug

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16
Q

What is the transmission time and suitable PH for the small intestine

A

3-5 hours
PH 6-7

17
Q

What is important about the small intestine

A

The main area for drug absorption

18
Q

What contributes to elimination

A

Metabolism and excretion

19
Q

What is the main metabolising enzyme that would metabolise 50% of all the top drugs

A

CYP3A4

20
Q

What is the extraction ratio

A

That amount of the drug that would be metabolised and removed from the body

21
Q

What does it mean if the extraction ratio is high

A

Large amount of drug would be metabolised and released from the body

22
Q

What does it mean if the extraction ratio is low

A

Low amount of drug would be metabolised and removed from the body

23
Q

What is meant by clearance

A

The volume of fluid or blood from which a drug would complete be removed

24
Q

What would happen to the clearance is there was renal or hepatic failure

A

The clearance would decrease as would have no functioning liver or kidney to remove the drug from the blood and the fluid

25
Q

What are the inhibitors and the inducers of enzyme action

A

Inhibitors would reduce the amount of drug that is metabolised (for example grape fruit juice)
Inducers would increase the rate of drug metabolism (st johns wort)

26
Q

What causes the half life to increase

A

Decreased clearance
Decreased volume distribution

27
Q

What is half life

A

The amount of time taken for the concentration of drug to half

28
Q

What is first order kinetics

A

The rate of break down and the concentration of the drug would be directly proportional

29
Q

What it is the loading dose

A

The first dose that would be give to patients
This would be larger then the normal dose as would want to reach the therapeutic dose level and then allow this level to be maintained

30
Q

What would happen in the body if there was no drug clearance

A

Drug accumulates, toxicity of the drug, death

31
Q

What is liver perfusion

A

The amount of drug that would move through the liver within the blood or in the plasma (fluids)

32
Q

When is perfusion important

A

When would have a high extraction
Means large amount would pass through the liver
Low amount of active drug within the body

33
Q

When is perfusion not important

A

When there is a low extraction
The amount that passes through the liver would not matter not a lot would be metabolised
Large amount of the active drug would be in the body

34
Q

What is drug metabolism by oxidation

A

Changing the functional group
Makes the molecule polar
Can be removed by the renal system

35
Q

What is drug metabolism by conjugation

A

Adding a functional group
Allows the molecule to increase in size
Less polar
Then can have billiary excretion (in stool)

36
Q

How would the use of St. John’s wort (a CYP 3A4) effect the plasma concentration and why

A

Decreases the plasma concentration
Would allow the increased metabolism of the drug,so would have less available in the system

37
Q

What methods are used in transcellular movement of drugs (through the cells)

A

Diffusion
Carrier mediated transport
Bulk transport
Endocytosis

Phys And Pharm (10 decks)

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