Automatic Nervous System Flashcards
What is the length of the post and pre ganglionic neurone in the sympathetic
Short pre
Long post
What are the length of the ganglionic neurones in the parasympathetic
Long pre
Short post
What is special about all pre ganglionic neurones
All would use acetylcholine and so would have the nicotinic receptors
What is the receptor on the post ganglionic on the parasympathetic
Muscuranic
What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic
Noradrenaline
What is the receptor for the post ganglionic on the sympathetic pathways
The beta and the alpha receptors
How many beta and alpha receptors are there
2 alpha
3 beta
What are some of the alpha and beta receptors used for
B1 would be the heart
B2 would be the bronchiole function and the lung.
B1 renal (kidneys)
A1 would be the vascular contractions and relaxations (would have some B2)
What are the functions of some of the muscuranic receptors
M2 heart
M3 lung function (bronchiolar)
M1/M3 would be the glandular
What are the cholinergic pathways
The neurones in the parasympathetic are all cholinergic (as they would be using the acetylcholine)
What is the difference between the pre ganglionic neurone and the post ganglionic neurone
Post ganglionic would be unmyelinated
Pre ganglionic would be myelinated
What is the difference between the afferent neurone and the efferent neurones
The afferent would carry in the information (the sensory information)
The efferent would carry out the information allowing a response to occur (to he effectors)
How many nicotinic receptors are there
2
What produces the adrenaline
Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
The post ganglionic neurones in the adrenal gland would differentiate into the chromaffin cells
What are the NANC
non-adrengic and non-cholinergic neurones
Not having the nonradrenaline or the ach act here
Would have transmitters like ATP and Nitric oxide
How can ATP act as a neurotransmitter
Acts on the post ganglionic neurones of the blood vessels
Would allow the contraction of the smooth muscle
What is dysautomia
The malfunction of the autonomic nervous system
POTS
NEUROCARDIOGENIC SCOPE
MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY
What is the enteric nervous system
The largest part of the ANS
Would be in the gut
Mesh like system of neurone
Allows control of the GI (transport, secretion, blood flow etc…)
Where does the sympathetic nervous system come from
The thoratic and lumbar regions of the body (so the spinal cord)
Where does the parasympathetic system originate from
The cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord
What are the main steps of neurotransmitter action
Uptake of precursors
Synthesis of the transmitter
The storage or the transmitter
Th degradation of the transmitter that was not taken up (by MAO or COMT enzymes)
The reuptake (thought the receptors or the channels)
The degradation using the enzymes
What are the two forms of uptake for neurotransmitters
Uptake 1: the high affinity uptake and would take up most of the transmitter
Uptake 2: the low affinity uptake. Anything that would not have been taken up by 1 would be taken up here
Where would the noradrenaline be stored in the smooth muscle
Vascocitys (like vesicles that would be on the muscle membrane)
How would acetylcholine be produced
ACETYL CO A + CHOLINE —- — - — ACETYLCHOLINE + CO A
using enzyme CAT (choline acetyl transferase)
How would acetylcholine be broken down
ACETYLCHOLINE - - - — - — - - ACETATE + CHOLINE
using enzyme acetylcholinesterase
The choline would go onto be reused to produce more Ach
What causes SLUDGE
The overactive parasympathetic system
Overactive muscuranic receptors
Need the muscarnic antagonists
What does SLUDGE stand for
S: salivation
L: lacrimation (tear gland stimulation)
U: urination
D: deification
G: GI upset
E: emesis (vomiting)
What kind of receptors are the adrenoreceptors and the cholinergic receptors
GPCRs
What areas would be effected by both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems
The lungs
Heart
Bladder
Stomach
What areas would the sympathetic system control
Sweat glands
Blood vessels
Adrenal medulla (releasing the catecholamine noradrenaline, the signalling molecule)
What is the difference between the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems
Somatic = voluntary
Autonomic = involuntary
They would both be part of the motor system of the the body (derived from the peripheral Nervous system)
What did ionotropic and metabotropic mean
Ionotropic: ion channels
Metabotropic: GPCR (the adenergic and cholinergic receptors)
