Pharmacology Of Major Drug Classes

Question 1

Drugs (4(6))

Answer 1

Antimicrobial and anti cancer
Analgesics
Autonomic
Antidepressant and lithium

Question 2

Differences between bacteria and normal cells

Answer 2

Protein synthesis. Ribosomes and enzymes different (tetracyclines)
Cell wall (penicillin)
Different cell membrane
Some metabolic pathways are different

Question 3

Differences between fungi and normal cells

Answer 3

Cell wall. Caspofungin

Ergosterol in cell membrane not lipids and cholesterol. ‘Zole’

Question 4

Differences between viruses and normal cells

Answer 4

Viruses have a protein coat. Anatadines

Hijack cell replication. Polymerase inhibitors

Question 5

Differences between tumours and normal cell

Answer 5

Mutated DNA. Extra strand. Inhibit replication

Question 6

Major neurotransmitters (7)

Answer 6

Acetylcholine 
Noradrenalin/ norepinephrine 
Adrenalin/ epinephrine 
Dopamine 
Serotonin 
GABA 
Endorphins (endogenous opioid peptides)

Question 7

Acetylcholine

Answer 7

Role: muscle contraction, sleep, sexuality, aggression, memory, learning, inhibition cardiac muscle
Disease: ^=depression v=dementia

Question 8

Noradrenaline/norepinephrine

Answer 8

Role: attentiveness, sleeping, dreaming, learning. Releases norepinephrine in fright or flight situations
Disease: mood disorders such as manic depression

Question 9

Adrenalin/epinephrine

Answer 9

Role: vasodilation, bronchodilation, increase blood glucose, increase fatty acids. All responses for flight or fight

Question 10

Dopamine

Answer 10

Role: pleasures and motivation. Arousal
Disease: ^=schizophrenia, v=depression/ Parkinson’s

Question 11

Serotonin

Answer 11

Role: sleep, appetite, memory, learning, temp, mood, functioning, behaviours
Disease: v=depression anxiety, OCD

Question 12

GABA

Answer 12

Role: inhibits brain activity. Sedate NS
Disease: too little anxiety

Question 13

Endorphins (endogenous opioid peptides)

Answer 13

Role:pleasure and euphoria. Link pain with emotion
Disease: used to treat depersonalisation disorder

Question 14

How do antidepressants work

Answer 14

They increase the level of a certain neurotransmitter in the brain by inhibiting the reputation of that neurotransmitter

Question 15

Antidepressants (6)

Answer 15

Mono-amine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
Tricyclics
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
Noradrenalin serotonin reuptake inhibitors (NSRI)
Selective noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)
Noradrenalin dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI)

Question 16

Lithium

Answer 16

Alters the function of a number of neurotransmitters to amuse mood stabilisation
Treatment of mania
Narrow therapeutic index, evens must be closely monitored.
Toxic levels cause coma, seizures, confusion

Question 17

Autonomic neurotransmitters

Answer 17

Sympathetic: noradrenalin and adrenalin
Parasympathetic: acetylcholine

Question 18

Alpha one

Answer 18

Found in skin blood vessels, mucosa. When stimulated constrict to reduce blood flow to less necessary areas

Question 19

Alpha two

Answer 19

Inhibit further release of noradrenalin from neurotransmitter

Question 20

Beta one

Answer 20

Increase strength and beat of heart

Question 21

Beta two

Answer 21

Dilate bronchioles and other blood vessels supplying needed organs such as heart, lungs, liver etc.

Question 22

Beta three

Answer 22

Mobilise fat stores

Question 23

Nicotinic

Answer 23

Parasympathetic

On voluntary muscles, must be fast. Produces contraction

Question 24

Muscarinic

Answer 24

Parasympathetic

Produce parasympathetic response in brain, organs and glands