Pharmacology: Infectious Disease Flashcards
What is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where malaria is known to be sensitive to its effects
Chloroquine
What drug has been long been used in the treatment or prevention of malaria from Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.?
Chloroquine
__________ has been extensively used in mass drug administrations
Chloroquine
__________ has contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. So what do you have to do when prescribing it?
Chloroquine
Check if chloroquine is still effective in the region prior to using it.
In areas where resistance is present, other antimalarials, such as mefloquine or atovaquone
*problem is that resistance patterns are really big with malaria ( almost ineffective in most endemic areas) **
Chloroquine is also used in the tx of what?
amoebic liver abscess
___________ may be used instead of or in addition to other medications in the event of failure of improvement _____________
Chloroquine
metronidazole
Side effects of Chloroquine?
Side effects include neuromuscular, hearing, gastrointestinal symptoms
Seizures
Deafness or tinnitus.
Chloroquine eye reactions? side effects
chloroquine retinopathy ( can be permanent), cardiovascular (rare), and blood reactions.
Chloroquine skin reactions? side effects
Skin reactions: itchiness, skin color changes, hair loss, and skin rashes
___________ has not been shown to have any harmful effects on the fetus when used for _________ ____________.
Chloroquine
malarial prophylaxis
Sold under the trade name Daraprim?
Pyrimethamine
Medication used with leucovorin to treat toxoplasmosis and cystoisosporiasis?
Pyrimethamine
medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine?
Folinic acid (leucovorin)
*Floniic acid is used to cut back on some of the toxic effects of what the drugs have **
What is a second line option to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in people with HIV/AIDS?
Pyrimethamine
What drug is primarily active against Plasmodium falciparum and P. Vivax?
Pyrimethamine
Used in combination with sulfadiazine to treat active toxoplasmosis?
Pyrimethamine
Pyrimethamine MOA?
Interferes with the regeneration of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolate by competitively inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.
What is Tetrahydrofolic acid essential for ?
DNA and RNA synthesis in many species, including protozoa
Sulfadiazine (co-agent) MOA?
It eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folate inside the bacterial cell
In combination, ________ and ___________ used to treat toxoplasmosis
sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
Antimalarial medication used in both the treatment and prevention of malaria?
atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone, Malanil)
_________ alone is not indicated for treatment or prevention of malaria as monotherapy (i.e., without proguanil).
Atovaquone
*not used as a primary agent any more because of malarial resistance , parasite inflections all boil down to folate inhibition **
Atovaquone MOA?
selectively inhibits the malarial cytochrome bc1 complex in the parasitic electron transport chain, collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential
Proguanil MOA?
via its metabolite cycloguanil, functions as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, halting parasitic deoxythymidilate synthesis
Because some strains of malaria are resistant, ________ is not effective for malaria prevention in all parts of the world.
Malarone
atovaquone/proguanil must be taken with what? and why?
It must be taken with a fatty meal or at least some milk to be absorbed adequately
What is Spiramycin?
Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic and antiparasitic
Spiramycin is used to treat ____________ and various other infections of soft tissues.
toxoplasmosis
When do you need special permission from the FDA for toxoplasmosis?
first trimester of pregnancy
Sold under the brand name Biltricide among others?
Praziquantel
Medication used to treat a number of types of parasitic worm infections?
Praziquantel
What is Praziquantel used for?
Used for schistosomiasis, tapeworm infections and other fluke infections
*you never see it under the generic name **
Praziquantel side effects?
Side effects may include poor coordination, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and allergic reactions
Praziquantel preg / lactation?
It may be used during pregnancy, it is not recommended for use during breastfeeding
Praziquantel class?
Class anthelmintic
It works partly by affecting the function of the worm’s sucker
How praziquantel works ?
anti-helminth are really targeted to how the worm attaches, it may not kill the worm but it inhibits the function of the worm and maybe how it attaches to the mucosa
Primary used of BCG vaccine?
TB
In countries where tuberculosis is common one dose is recommended in healthy babies , when?
close to the time of birth as possible
BCG has a protective effect against?
leprosy
*Leprosy type lesions then the person probably did not get the BCG vaccine **
Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized but are frequently exposed to drug ____________ may be immunized as well with what vaccine?
resistant tuberculosis
BCG vaccine
Tinidazole is ?
Sporinex, Tindamax
Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against _________ infections
Protozoan
Used as a treatment for a variety of amoebic and parasitic infections?
Tinidazole (Sporinex, Tindamax)
Data exists to support use of __________ for infections from amoebae, giardia, and trichomonas, just like __________________
tinidazole
metronidazole (Flagyl)
Fluconazole class?
antifungal
Fluconazole uses?
Candidiasis
Blastomycosis
Coccidiodomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Dermatophytosis and pityriasis
versicolor
*used PO and IV, cardiac surgery or immunocompromised then they are usually on it for life, simply form yeast infections all the way to HIV patients on it for life ( broad spectrum) **
What is also used to prevent candidiasis in those who are at high risk such as follow organ transplantation and post op cardiac surgery?
Fluconazole
