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Pharmacology (Dale Turley) > Pharmacology: Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Pharmacology: Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where malaria is known to be sensitive to its effects

A

Chloroquine

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2
Q

What drug has been long been used in the treatment or prevention of malaria from Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.?

A

Chloroquine

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3
Q

__________ has been extensively used in mass drug administrations

A

Chloroquine

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4
Q

__________ has contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. So what do you have to do when prescribing it?

A

Chloroquine

Check if chloroquine is still effective in the region prior to using it.

In areas where resistance is present, other antimalarials, such as mefloquine or atovaquone

*problem is that resistance patterns are really big with malaria ( almost ineffective in most endemic areas) **

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5
Q

Chloroquine is also used in the tx of what?

A

amoebic liver abscess

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6
Q

___________ may be used instead of or in addition to other medications in the event of failure of improvement _____________

A

Chloroquine

metronidazole

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7
Q

Side effects of Chloroquine?

A

Side effects include neuromuscular, hearing, gastrointestinal symptoms

Seizures

Deafness or tinnitus.

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8
Q

Chloroquine eye reactions? side effects

A

chloroquine retinopathy ( can be permanent), cardiovascular (rare), and blood reactions.

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9
Q

Chloroquine skin reactions? side effects

A

Skin reactions: itchiness, skin color changes, hair loss, and skin rashes

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10
Q

___________ has not been shown to have any harmful effects on the fetus when used for _________ ____________.

A

Chloroquine

malarial prophylaxis

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11
Q

Sold under the trade name Daraprim?

A

Pyrimethamine

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12
Q

Medication used with leucovorin to treat toxoplasmosis and cystoisosporiasis?

A

Pyrimethamine

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13
Q

medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine?

A

Folinic acid (leucovorin)

*Floniic acid is used to cut back on some of the toxic effects of what the drugs have **

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14
Q

What is a second line option to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in people with HIV/AIDS?

A

Pyrimethamine

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15
Q

What drug is primarily active against Plasmodium falciparum and P. Vivax?

A

Pyrimethamine

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16
Q

Used in combination with sulfadiazine to treat active toxoplasmosis?

A

Pyrimethamine

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17
Q

Pyrimethamine MOA?

A

Interferes with the regeneration of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolate by competitively inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.

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18
Q

What is Tetrahydrofolic acid essential for ?

A

DNA and RNA synthesis in many species, including protozoa

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19
Q

Sulfadiazine (co-agent) MOA?

A

It eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folate inside the bacterial cell

20
Q

In combination, ________ and ___________ used to treat toxoplasmosis

A

sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

21
Q

Antimalarial medication used in both the treatment and prevention of malaria?

A

atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone, Malanil)

22
Q

_________ alone is not indicated for treatment or prevention of malaria as monotherapy (i.e., without proguanil).

A

Atovaquone

*not used as a primary agent any more because of malarial resistance , parasite inflections all boil down to folate inhibition **

23
Q

Atovaquone MOA?

A

selectively inhibits the malarial cytochrome bc1 complex in the parasitic electron transport chain, collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential

24
Q

Proguanil MOA?

A

via its metabolite cycloguanil, functions as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, halting parasitic deoxythymidilate synthesis

25
Q

Because some strains of malaria are resistant, ________ is not effective for malaria prevention in all parts of the world.

A

Malarone

26
Q

atovaquone/proguanil must be taken with what? and why?

A

It must be taken with a fatty meal or at least some milk to be absorbed adequately

27
Q

What is Spiramycin?

A

Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic and antiparasitic

28
Q

Spiramycin is used to treat ____________ and various other infections of soft tissues.

A

toxoplasmosis

29
Q

When do you need special permission from the FDA for toxoplasmosis?

A

first trimester of pregnancy

30
Q

Sold under the brand name Biltricide among others?

A

Praziquantel

31
Q

Medication used to treat a number of types of parasitic worm infections?

A

Praziquantel

32
Q

What is Praziquantel used for?

A

Used for schistosomiasis, tapeworm infections and other fluke infections

*you never see it under the generic name **

33
Q

Praziquantel side effects?

A

Side effects may include poor coordination, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and allergic reactions

34
Q

Praziquantel preg / lactation?

A

It may be used during pregnancy, it is not recommended for use during breastfeeding

35
Q

Praziquantel class?

A

Class anthelmintic

It works partly by affecting the function of the worm’s sucker

36
Q

How praziquantel works ?

A

anti-helminth are really targeted to how the worm attaches, it may not kill the worm but it inhibits the function of the worm and maybe how it attaches to the mucosa

37
Q

Primary used of BCG vaccine?

A

TB

38
Q

In countries where tuberculosis is common one dose is recommended in healthy babies , when?

A

close to the time of birth as possible

39
Q

BCG has a protective effect against?

A

leprosy

*Leprosy type lesions then the person probably did not get the BCG vaccine **

40
Q

Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized but are frequently exposed to drug ____________ may be immunized as well with what vaccine?

A

resistant tuberculosis

BCG vaccine

41
Q

Tinidazole is ?

A

Sporinex, Tindamax

42
Q

Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against _________ infections

A

Protozoan

43
Q

Used as a treatment for a variety of amoebic and parasitic infections?

A

Tinidazole (Sporinex, Tindamax)

44
Q

Data exists to support use of __________ for infections from amoebae, giardia, and trichomonas, just like __________________

A

tinidazole

metronidazole (Flagyl)

45
Q

Fluconazole class?

A

antifungal

46
Q

Fluconazole uses?

A

Candidiasis

Blastomycosis

Coccidiodomycosis

Cryptococcosis

Histoplasmosis

Dermatophytosis and pityriasis
versicolor

*used PO and IV, cardiac surgery or immunocompromised then they are usually on it for life, simply form yeast infections all the way to HIV patients on it for life ( broad spectrum) **

47
Q

What is also used to prevent candidiasis in those who are at high risk such as follow organ transplantation and post op cardiac surgery?

A

Fluconazole

Pharmacology (Dale Turley) (31 decks)

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