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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Pharmacology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dermatophytoses

A

tinea infections

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2
Q

yeast infections

A

symbiotic relationship w/ animals
often opportunistic
infect mouth and vagina
systemic infection can occur

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3
Q

pneumonia

A

histoplasma
capsulatum
blastomyces dermatitis
can progress to systemic infection

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4
Q

meningitis

A

crytococcus necformans

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5
Q

azoles

A

synthetic antifungal drug

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6
Q

imidazoles (synthetic antifungal)

A

ketoconazole (oral + topical, poor CNS penetration)
fluconazole (oral + IV, excellent CNS penetration)
inhibit lanosterol 14 a-demethylase

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7
Q

triazole (synthetic antifungal)

A

voriconazole (IV)
candidiasis (oral)

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8
Q

allylanine (synthetic antifungal)

A

terbinatine (jock itch, athlete’s foot, lamasil->toenail infection)

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9
Q

tolnaftate ( synthetic antifungal)

A

creams
powders
aerosols
gels
solutions

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10
Q

nucleoside (synthetic antifungal)

A

orally active
candida
cryptococcus
flucytosine
5 fluorocytosine

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11
Q

polyenes (antifungal antibiotics)

A

amphotericin B (IV or topical)
hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity
macrolide

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12
Q

nystatin (antifungal antibiotics)

A

oral
GI
vaginal
cutaneous
poorly absorbed
well tolerated
macrolide

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13
Q

griseofulvin (antifungal antibiotic)

A

lipophilic
low oral absorption
ringworm
toxic to fungi
nonmacrolide

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14
Q

aminosalicylic acid (synthetic antitubercular)

A

good oral absorption
isoniazid
ethanbutol (used in conjunction)

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15
Q

cyctoserine (antitubercular antibiotic)

A

oslated from microorganisms
rifampin
bactericidal
wide spectrum
well absorbed
stable in solid state
used in combo
excreted thru bile, feces, and urine
distributed to other parts of body fluids except brain

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16
Q

malaria

A

plasmodium falciparum
spread by female mosquito
prophylactics to treat

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17
Q

antimalarial agents

A

quinine
mefloquine
pyrimethanamine
primaquine
maloprim
malarone

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18
Q

endoparasites

A

intestinal worms (tape worm)
worms
malaria

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19
Q

ectoparasites

A

lice
scabies

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20
Q

antihelmintics

A

rid body of parasite worms
ivermectin

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21
Q

platyhelminthes (antihelmintic)

A

cestodes (tape worms)
trematodes (flukes)

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22
Q

nemathelminthes (antihelmintic)

A

nematodes
roundworms (bookworms, pinworms, ascorns)

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23
Q

alkaloid

A

plant origin
rings + basic nitrogen

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24
Q

mebendazole (antihelmintic)

A

disrupt microtubule
causes paralysis

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25
Q

praziquantol (antihelmintic)

A

alters cell memebrane permeability
causes paralysis

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26
Q

luermectin (antihelmintic)

A

glutamate gated Cl- channels antagonist
causes paralysis

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27
Q

scabies and lice

A

bezylbenzoate
lindane
permethrin
lotion
cream
shampoo

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28
Q

lindane

A

antagonist
originally a pesticide
induces seizure in ectoparasites
side effects: seizure, CNS effects, arrhythmias, dermal irritation

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29
Q

phenoic

A

effective against gram (+) bacteria
found in throat lozenges
local anestehtic activity
used against stapyloccocus aureus (strep throat)

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30
Q

iodine

A

antiseptic
topical
local bacteria and fungal infections

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31
Q

chlorine

A

disinfects water
forms hypochlorous acid

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32
Q

benzoic peroxide

A

acne

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33
Q

preservatives

A

p-hydroxybenzoic acid
benzoic acid and salt
benzyl alcohol
asorbic acid and salt

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34
Q

p-hydroxybenzoic acid

A

parabens
antifungals
esters

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35
Q

benzoic acid and salt

A

antiseptic
lotions
oitments
mouthwashes

36
Q

benzyl alcohol

A

ointments
lotions
prevents mold growth

37
Q

DNA viruses

A

herpes
chickenpox
shingles

38
Q

RNA viruses

A

cold viruses
polio
HIV
ebola

39
Q

nucleosides (base+ sugar)

A

acyclovir (herpes, varicella)-> oral+ parental administration
ziovudine (AIDs, leukemia)-> oral activity

40
Q

non-nucleosides

A

adamantone derivatives
prevention of flu
oral administration
parkinson’s (promotes release of dopamine)
side effects: depression, dizziness, urinary retention, hallucinations, anxiety, GI tract

41
Q

rimantadine (non-nucleoside)

A

for flu
neuraminidase inhibitor
cage/adamantanime compounds

42
Q

oseltamivir

A

tamiflu
for flu
taken orally
neuraminidase inhibitor

43
Q

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

A

bind to allosteric site on HIV reverse transcriptase and inhibit enzyme activity (prevents DNA polymerization)
nevirapine
efavirenz

44
Q

sofosbuvir

A

nucleoside
treatment of Hep C

45
Q

HIV

A

nucleoside (HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
non-nucleoside (HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
protease inhibitor (saquinavir)
triple therapy (3 drugs from at least 2 of the above classes)

46
Q

COVID-19

A

remdesivir
hydroxychloroquine
lopinavir
interferon beta 1-a
baricitinib
paxlovid
molnupiravir

47
Q

protooncogenes

A

normal growth and regulation of cells

48
Q

oncogenes

A

activated in cancer
triggers excessive cell proliferation

49
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

inactivated in cancer
regulate cell proliferation

50
Q

antibacterial + antiviral

A

reduces resistance
minimizes side effects
inhibtion of proliferation

51
Q

cell-cycle specific agents

A

interfere w/ DNA synthesis (s-phase)
disrupts microtubules (m-phase)

52
Q

cell-cycle non-specific agents

A

alkylating agents

53
Q

toxicity (from cancer treatment)

A

blood cells
GI cells
hair follicle cells
bone marrow supression
mucositis
alopecia

54
Q

alkylating agents

A

non-specific
toxic
can cause secondary tumors
IV administration
testicular, ovarian, bladder, lung cancers
neuroblastomas, braintumors, osteosarcoma

55
Q

antimetabolites

A

specific
prevents nucleotide synthesis

56
Q

antibiotic anticancer agents

A

may or may not be specific
microbial source

57
Q

doxrubicin (antibiotic/anticancer)

A

inhibits topoisomerase II
effective against a variety of tumors
irreversible cardiomyopathy

58
Q

tamoxifen (hormonal and immunomodulating)

A

estrogen receptor antagonist (breast cancer)

59
Q

interferon (hormonal and immunomodulating)

A

enhances activity of cytotoxic-T, NK cells, macrophages (inhibits proliferation of tumor)

60
Q

irinotecan

A

topoisomerase inhibitor
hemtopoietic agent
recombinant products
radiosensitivities
photodynamic therapy

61
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

trastuzumab (herceptin)
binds to HER
2 proteins and inhbits growth of tumor cells
for breast cancer (HER2 is overexpressed)

62
Q

GI disorders

A

acidic stomach (heartburn, sour stomach, indigestion)
helicobacter pylori infection (gastritis, abdominal pain, nausea, ulcers, stomach cancer)
GERD (dysfunctional esophageal spinchter, inflammation of esophageal mucosa from gastric H+)
constipation
diarrhea
obesity

63
Q

helicobacter pylori infection

A

treat w/ amoxacillin, metronidazole, tetracycline

64
Q

GERD

A

treat w/ antacids, or coating agents (non-specific)
treat w/ proton pump inhibitors, H2 histamine receptor antagonists (specific)

65
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

inhibit H+/K+ ATPase on parietal cells
decrease H+ secretion
side effects: constipation or cancer
omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole

66
Q

H2 histamine receptor antagonists

A

inhibit stomach acid production
treat heart burn and ulcers
block histamine signals at the H2 receptors on parietal cells
cimetidine, ranitidine (zantac), famotidine (pepcid)

67
Q

antidiarrheals

A

opiods
absorbants
anticholinergistics

68
Q

opiod antidiarreheals

A

agonists at u-opid receptors on mysenteric plexus of the large intestine
decreases peristalisis
slows transit time
diphemoxylate w/ atropine
loperomide
side effects: constipation and CNS effects

69
Q

bismuth subsalicylate

A

minor GI upset diarrhea
reduces irritation
antimicrobial action
side effects: blackened stool
pepto-bismol

70
Q

anticholinergistics

A

muscarinic antagonists (Ach stimulates peristalsis)
inhibit GI secretions and peristalsis by blocking cholinergic input
dicycloverine, hyoscyamine
lots of sides effects

71
Q

constipation treatment

A

laxatives and cathartics (purgatives)
mineral oil
stimulant laxatives
hyperosmotic agents
bulking agents (fiber)

72
Q

emulsifying agents

A

doscusate
stool softner or laxatives
improves penetration of water and fat into feces

73
Q

senna

A

contains glycosides
stimulates gastric fluid secretion and peristalsis
can cause toxicity

74
Q

obesity

A

orlistat
reversible lipase inhibitor (prevents formation and therefore absorption of dietary fats)
alters absorption of fat-soluable vitamins and drugs
triglycerides + lipase= free fatty acids

75
Q

anti-inflammatory agents MOA

A

inhibit formation of prostaglandins (blood clots, inflammation, fever)-> fast response
inhibit immune functions
antagonists of chemicals released by immune system (histamine)

76
Q

inhibition of immune functions (antagonistic response)

A

immunosuppressants (corticosteroids)
interleukins and interferons are peptides
released by immune cells
prevent rejection of transplated organs and bone marrow
reverse autoimmune disease such as aplastic anemia

77
Q

histamine

A

released by basophils
causes bronchial constriction and inflammation
regulates acid and pepsin secretion in stomach, HR, and vasodilation

78
Q

H1

A

lung
adrenal medulla
veins
capillaries
gastrointestinal muscle

79
Q

H2

A

heart
stomach

80
Q

H1 and H2

A

heart
capillaries and arterioles

81
Q

H3

A

histamine-releasing cells

82
Q

NSAIDs

A

GI irritation and ulceration at high doses

83
Q

asprin

A

acetyl salicyclic acid (inhibits cyclooxygenase)
willow bark (synthetic)

84
Q

acetaminophen

A

less GI irritation compared to asprin
less anti-inflammatory effects compared to asprin
treats aches, pains, arthritis, gout

85
Q

antihistamine

A

treats allergies
prophylaxis for asthma and allergic symptoms
H1
block bronchial smooth muscles contraction, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
H2 (block HCl and pepsin secretion)

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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