Pharmacology Exam 2 Flashcards
dermatophytoses
tinea infections
yeast infections
symbiotic relationship w/ animals
often opportunistic
infect mouth and vagina
systemic infection can occur
pneumonia
histoplasma
capsulatum
blastomyces dermatitis
can progress to systemic infection
meningitis
crytococcus necformans
azoles
synthetic antifungal drug
imidazoles (synthetic antifungal)
ketoconazole (oral + topical, poor CNS penetration)
fluconazole (oral + IV, excellent CNS penetration)
inhibit lanosterol 14 a-demethylase
triazole (synthetic antifungal)
voriconazole (IV)
candidiasis (oral)
allylanine (synthetic antifungal)
terbinatine (jock itch, athlete’s foot, lamasil->toenail infection)
tolnaftate ( synthetic antifungal)
creams
powders
aerosols
gels
solutions
nucleoside (synthetic antifungal)
orally active
candida
cryptococcus
flucytosine
5 fluorocytosine
polyenes (antifungal antibiotics)
amphotericin B (IV or topical)
hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity
macrolide
nystatin (antifungal antibiotics)
oral
GI
vaginal
cutaneous
poorly absorbed
well tolerated
macrolide
griseofulvin (antifungal antibiotic)
lipophilic
low oral absorption
ringworm
toxic to fungi
nonmacrolide
aminosalicylic acid (synthetic antitubercular)
good oral absorption
isoniazid
ethanbutol (used in conjunction)
cyctoserine (antitubercular antibiotic)
oslated from microorganisms
rifampin
bactericidal
wide spectrum
well absorbed
stable in solid state
used in combo
excreted thru bile, feces, and urine
distributed to other parts of body fluids except brain
malaria
plasmodium falciparum
spread by female mosquito
prophylactics to treat
antimalarial agents
quinine
mefloquine
pyrimethanamine
primaquine
maloprim
malarone
endoparasites
intestinal worms (tape worm)
worms
malaria
ectoparasites
lice
scabies
antihelmintics
rid body of parasite worms
ivermectin
platyhelminthes (antihelmintic)
cestodes (tape worms)
trematodes (flukes)
nemathelminthes (antihelmintic)
nematodes
roundworms (bookworms, pinworms, ascorns)
alkaloid
plant origin
rings + basic nitrogen
mebendazole (antihelmintic)
disrupt microtubule
causes paralysis
praziquantol (antihelmintic)
alters cell memebrane permeability
causes paralysis
luermectin (antihelmintic)
glutamate gated Cl- channels antagonist
causes paralysis
scabies and lice
bezylbenzoate
lindane
permethrin
lotion
cream
shampoo
lindane
antagonist
originally a pesticide
induces seizure in ectoparasites
side effects: seizure, CNS effects, arrhythmias, dermal irritation
phenoic
effective against gram (+) bacteria
found in throat lozenges
local anestehtic activity
used against stapyloccocus aureus (strep throat)
iodine
antiseptic
topical
local bacteria and fungal infections
chlorine
disinfects water
forms hypochlorous acid
benzoic peroxide
acne
preservatives
p-hydroxybenzoic acid
benzoic acid and salt
benzyl alcohol
asorbic acid and salt
p-hydroxybenzoic acid
parabens
antifungals
esters
benzoic acid and salt
antiseptic
lotions
oitments
mouthwashes
benzyl alcohol
ointments
lotions
prevents mold growth
DNA viruses
herpes
chickenpox
shingles
RNA viruses
cold viruses
polio
HIV
ebola
nucleosides (base+ sugar)
acyclovir (herpes, varicella)-> oral+ parental administration
ziovudine (AIDs, leukemia)-> oral activity
non-nucleosides
adamantone derivatives
prevention of flu
oral administration
parkinson’s (promotes release of dopamine)
side effects: depression, dizziness, urinary retention, hallucinations, anxiety, GI tract
rimantadine (non-nucleoside)
for flu
neuraminidase inhibitor
cage/adamantanime compounds
oseltamivir
tamiflu
for flu
taken orally
neuraminidase inhibitor
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
bind to allosteric site on HIV reverse transcriptase and inhibit enzyme activity (prevents DNA polymerization)
nevirapine
efavirenz
sofosbuvir
nucleoside
treatment of Hep C
HIV
nucleoside (HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
non-nucleoside (HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
protease inhibitor (saquinavir)
triple therapy (3 drugs from at least 2 of the above classes)
COVID-19
remdesivir
hydroxychloroquine
lopinavir
interferon beta 1-a
baricitinib
paxlovid
molnupiravir
protooncogenes
normal growth and regulation of cells
oncogenes
activated in cancer
triggers excessive cell proliferation
tumor suppressor genes
inactivated in cancer
regulate cell proliferation
antibacterial + antiviral
reduces resistance
minimizes side effects
inhibtion of proliferation
cell-cycle specific agents
interfere w/ DNA synthesis (s-phase)
disrupts microtubules (m-phase)
cell-cycle non-specific agents
alkylating agents
toxicity (from cancer treatment)
blood cells
GI cells
hair follicle cells
bone marrow supression
mucositis
alopecia
alkylating agents
non-specific
toxic
can cause secondary tumors
IV administration
testicular, ovarian, bladder, lung cancers
neuroblastomas, braintumors, osteosarcoma
antimetabolites
specific
prevents nucleotide synthesis
antibiotic anticancer agents
may or may not be specific
microbial source
doxrubicin (antibiotic/anticancer)
inhibits topoisomerase II
effective against a variety of tumors
irreversible cardiomyopathy
tamoxifen (hormonal and immunomodulating)
estrogen receptor antagonist (breast cancer)
interferon (hormonal and immunomodulating)
enhances activity of cytotoxic-T, NK cells, macrophages (inhibits proliferation of tumor)
irinotecan
topoisomerase inhibitor
hemtopoietic agent
recombinant products
radiosensitivities
photodynamic therapy
monoclonal antibodies
trastuzumab (herceptin)
binds to HER
2 proteins and inhbits growth of tumor cells
for breast cancer (HER2 is overexpressed)
GI disorders
acidic stomach (heartburn, sour stomach, indigestion)
helicobacter pylori infection (gastritis, abdominal pain, nausea, ulcers, stomach cancer)
GERD (dysfunctional esophageal spinchter, inflammation of esophageal mucosa from gastric H+)
constipation
diarrhea
obesity
helicobacter pylori infection
treat w/ amoxacillin, metronidazole, tetracycline
GERD
treat w/ antacids, or coating agents (non-specific)
treat w/ proton pump inhibitors, H2 histamine receptor antagonists (specific)
proton pump inhibitors
inhibit H+/K+ ATPase on parietal cells
decrease H+ secretion
side effects: constipation or cancer
omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole
H2 histamine receptor antagonists
inhibit stomach acid production
treat heart burn and ulcers
block histamine signals at the H2 receptors on parietal cells
cimetidine, ranitidine (zantac), famotidine (pepcid)
antidiarrheals
opiods
absorbants
anticholinergistics
opiod antidiarreheals
agonists at u-opid receptors on mysenteric plexus of the large intestine
decreases peristalisis
slows transit time
diphemoxylate w/ atropine
loperomide
side effects: constipation and CNS effects
bismuth subsalicylate
minor GI upset diarrhea
reduces irritation
antimicrobial action
side effects: blackened stool
pepto-bismol
anticholinergistics
muscarinic antagonists (Ach stimulates peristalsis)
inhibit GI secretions and peristalsis by blocking cholinergic input
dicycloverine, hyoscyamine
lots of sides effects
constipation treatment
laxatives and cathartics (purgatives)
mineral oil
stimulant laxatives
hyperosmotic agents
bulking agents (fiber)
emulsifying agents
doscusate
stool softner or laxatives
improves penetration of water and fat into feces
senna
contains glycosides
stimulates gastric fluid secretion and peristalsis
can cause toxicity
obesity
orlistat
reversible lipase inhibitor (prevents formation and therefore absorption of dietary fats)
alters absorption of fat-soluable vitamins and drugs
triglycerides + lipase= free fatty acids
anti-inflammatory agents MOA
inhibit formation of prostaglandins (blood clots, inflammation, fever)-> fast response
inhibit immune functions
antagonists of chemicals released by immune system (histamine)
inhibition of immune functions (antagonistic response)
immunosuppressants (corticosteroids)
interleukins and interferons are peptides
released by immune cells
prevent rejection of transplated organs and bone marrow
reverse autoimmune disease such as aplastic anemia
histamine
released by basophils
causes bronchial constriction and inflammation
regulates acid and pepsin secretion in stomach, HR, and vasodilation
H1
lung
adrenal medulla
veins
capillaries
gastrointestinal muscle
H2
heart
stomach
H1 and H2
heart
capillaries and arterioles
H3
histamine-releasing cells
NSAIDs
GI irritation and ulceration at high doses
asprin
acetyl salicyclic acid (inhibits cyclooxygenase)
willow bark (synthetic)
acetaminophen
less GI irritation compared to asprin
less anti-inflammatory effects compared to asprin
treats aches, pains, arthritis, gout
antihistamine
treats allergies
prophylaxis for asthma and allergic symptoms
H1
block bronchial smooth muscles contraction, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
H2 (block HCl and pepsin secretion)
