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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac muscle

A

both extracellular and intracellular ca2+ like skeletal muscle
need ATP to pump ca2+ back out (low conc->high conc
T-tubule structure is diff
ca2+ more extracellular, so moves in via L-type ca2+ channels
longer refractory period (no tetnus)
pacemaker potential is 60 mV (Na+ in via If channels; does not depend on ca2+ so AP is all or nothing)

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2
Q

3 basic components of cardiovascular system

A

heart=pump
blood vessles=tubes
blood=fluid

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3
Q

SA node

A

regulation of HR

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4
Q

intercalated disks w/ gap junctions

A

transmits electrical and chemical signals and generates force

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5
Q

order of electrical signal

A

SA node->AV node->AV bundle->purkinje fibers

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6
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

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7
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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8
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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9
Q

R

A

signal goes to purkinje fibers and depolarizagion occurs

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10
Q

EKG

A

helps determine if there are abnormal signals in the heart

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11
Q

third degree block

A

no T waves

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12
Q

A-fib

A

no P or T waves

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13
Q

ventricular fibrilation

A

no normal waves

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14
Q

chordinae tendinae

A

anchor valves and help them open and close

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15
Q

high to low BP

A

aorta
arteries
aterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
vena cava

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16
Q

smaller radius

A

higher resistance
less flow

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17
Q

larger radius

A

less resistance
higher flow

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18
Q

systole

A

contraction

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19
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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20
Q

more narrow vessle

A

faster velocity of flow

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21
Q

frank-starling law

A

can accomodate stretch and generate force (exercise)

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22
Q

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

A

diastolic dysfunction
EF>50%
hypertension, lung congestion, exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, A-fib, renal dysfunction
SGLT2 (antidiabetic= reduced glucose levels)

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23
Q

hypertrophy

A

building up muscle

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24
Q

precapilary spincter

A

close off to prevent BF

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25
Q

valves

A

prevent backflow of blood in veins

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26
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

when skeletal muscles compress in veins they force blood towards the heart

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27
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic pressure-diastolic pressure

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28
Q

MAP

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)
proportional to CO and resistance

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29
Q

increased resistance

A

increased MAP

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30
Q

decreased CO

A

decreased BV and MAP

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31
Q

CO

A

HR * SV

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32
Q

decreased venous BV

A

increased arterial BV

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33
Q

increase in BP fast response

A

vascodilation
decreased CO
decreased BP

34
Q

increase in BP slow response

A

excretion of fluid in urine via kidneys
decreased BV

35
Q

hemorrhage

A

decreased BV and decreased BP
so vasoconstriction= increased CO, increased HR (sympathetic response)

36
Q

SV

A

EDV-SDV

37
Q

arteriole resistance modulation

A

local control match tissue metabolic needs
sympathetic reflexes
hormonal control (vasopression and angiotensin II)->vasocontriction
epinepherine, decreased O2, increased Co2, increased H+ and K+-> vasodilation

38
Q

hyperemia

A

increased BF to a region
inflammation
increased temp

39
Q

tonic control

A

increased NE (vasocontriction)
decreased NE (vasodilation)

40
Q

parallel arrangement

A

allows to sense changes
affect BF to diff parts of body

41
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in carotid and aortic arteries
increased BP-> decreased sympathetic response-> increased parasympathetic response-> vasodilation-> decreased CO, R, HR-> decreased BP
contain stretch sensitive ion channels (mechanically gated)
depolarization due to Na+ and ca2+

42
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

change in position due to standing lowers BP
due to gravity causing accumulation of blood in the venous cavity (no venous return)-> decreased CO and MAP
standing activates skeletal muscle pump increasing BP
low gravity causes more blood in arterial circulation (increased BV and BP)-> decreased BV via kidneys (dehydration)

43
Q

capillaries

A

high SA but low BF
O2 (via diffusion)
paracellular route (H2O)
transcytosis (macromolecules)

44
Q

fenestrated

A

specialized pores

45
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

amount of protein present mediated capillary exchange

46
Q

decreased hydrostatic pressure

A

absorption

47
Q

increased hydrostatic pressure

A

filtration

48
Q

kwashiorkor

A

malnutrition
increased net filtration (of fluid but little nutrients)
fluid buildup in extracullar fluid
decreased colloid osmotic pressure (decreased protein= watery plasma)

49
Q

order of cardiac cycle

A

late diastole
atrial systole
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumic ventricular relaxation

50
Q

respiratory system

A

exchange of o2 and co2 b/w lungs and blood
transport of o2 and co2 by the blood
exchange of gases b/w blood and cells
consist of an increased SA

51
Q

alveoli

A

form exchange system in lungs
type 1= gas exchange
type 2= surfactant (help airsacs stay open)

52
Q

bronchioles

A

help get air into lungs

53
Q

cillia

A

help move debris away from lungs
secrete saline

54
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucous

55
Q

CFTR

A

help move mucous
impaired in patients w/ CF

56
Q

dead space

A

air that is not exchanged in alveoli

57
Q

functions of airways

A

exchange of gases
pH, water, and heat regulation (loss)
protection from pathogens
vocalization
movement of air (resistance and muscular pump)

58
Q

importance of pleural fluids and membranes

A

reduce friction
position
elastic recoil and movement of lungs

59
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung

60
Q

increased BV

A

increased filtration
fluid accumulation in lungs

61
Q

symptoms of CHF

A

edema and fluid buildup in lungs

62
Q

boyle’s law

A

decreased volume= increased pressure (exhalation)
increased volume during inhalation= decreased pressure (diaphram flattens)
muscle groups= internal (expiration) and external (inhalation) intercostals

63
Q

compliance

A

ability of lungs to stretch

64
Q

elastance

A

ability to resist being deformed

65
Q

emphysema

A

lungs are able to stretch, but lack elastic recoil

66
Q

surfactant

A

prevent adhesion
decrease surface tension

67
Q

bronchodilators

A

epinepherine (B2 receptors)
good for asthma attacks

68
Q

hyperventilation

A

pp of increased o2
pp of decreased co2-> decreased H+-> increased pH
increased alveolar ventilation
minimal increase in percent saturation of aterial Hb

69
Q

physiological sensors

A

o2
co2
pH

70
Q

decreased pp of o2

A

decreased o2 in alveoli
can be due to altitude, edema, emphysema, asthma, CNS depression (can lead to hypoxia)

71
Q

hypercapnia

A

high co2 levels

72
Q

solubility

A

co2 more soluble than o2
o2 bound to hemoglobin helps increase solubility (3 diff cells o2 has to pass)

73
Q

hemoglobin

A

4 chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)-> heterotetramer
4 heme groups
cooperativity of binding= interaction of o2 w/ one heme faciliates binding of o2 to another heme

74
Q

pulse oximeter

A

measures hemoglobin saturation

75
Q

hypoxic hypoxia

A

low arterial pp of o2 (high altitude, alveolar hypoventilation, decreased lung diffusion capacity)

76
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

decreased total amount of o2 bound to hemoglobin (blood loss, CO poisoning)

77
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

reduced BF (HF, shock, thrombosis)

78
Q

pp of o2 of venous blood

A

equal of pp of o2 of muscle

79
Q

CO2

A

7% dissolved in blood
23% binds to Hb (decreased Hb affinity for o2)
70% converted to HCO3 (binds to carbonic anahydrase)-> converted to CO2+H2O-> acts as a buffer-> dissociation of H+ decreased pH

80
Q

reflex control of ventilation

A

controlled of respiratory neurons in medulla
neurons in pons interacts w/ medullary neurons to influence ventilation
modulated by chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors linked receptors

81
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A

striated
sarcomeres
heart muscle
uninucleate
intermediate
graded
autorhythmic
autonomic neurons
epinepherine

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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