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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

the integrative study of the human body (major themes: organization, energy, information, interactions)

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant, internal environment (Ex: pH, gases, ions, temp, fluids)

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3
Q

What do you need to regulate water temp?

A

thermostat-integrating center (detects water change)
heater-output signal (turn on heater)
water (increase in temp)
*original temp of water is input signal

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4
Q

What do you need to regulate glucose levels?

A

input signal : increase in glucose levels
integrating signal: pancreas detects change in glucose levels
output signal: pancreas releases insulin
response: decrease in glucose levels

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5
Q

Liver

A

Makes and stores glucose as glycogen (stops when glucose increases)

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6
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response to the loop

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7
Q

Positive Feedback

A

An outside factor is required to shut off loop (Ex: child birth)

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8
Q

Plasma Cortisol

A

Detects stress levels

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9
Q

Cell membrane serves as

A

protection
structural support
regulation
communication

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10
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

A

High amount of protein to power the cell

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11
Q

Mylinated Nerve Cell

A

High amount of lipids to transmit signals

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12
Q

Red Blood Cell Membrane

A

Higher amount of carbs to detect blood type

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13
Q

Tissues

A

epithelial (simple, squamous, stratified, pseudostratified, cuboidal, columnar
connective
muscle
nerve

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14
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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15
Q

Epithelial cells are

A

polarized

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16
Q

Apical

A

top

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17
Q

Basolateral

A

bottom

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18
Q

Lumen

A

opening

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19
Q

Connective Tissues

A

bone and cartilage
blood
adipose
loose connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue

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20
Q

Steady State

A

2 compartments where diff conc. are maintained (no net movement)

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21
Q

H and E

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (nuclei are stained blue/purple; proteins are stained pink)

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22
Q

ICF

A

2/3 of total body water volume (cells)

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23
Q

ECF

A

1/3 of total body water volume (interstitial fluid and blood plasma-lots of protein)

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24
Q

What proportion of the ECF is plasma?

A

25%

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25
Q

NaCl

A

1:1 b/c can dissociate

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26
Q

Glucose

A

1:1 b/c can’t dissociate

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27
Q

Aquaporin Channels

A

water channels and are open channels
ions cant get in due to size and charge
SD do not require proteins
carrier proteins open and close (FD and AT)

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28
Q

Active Transport

A

can move 1 or 2 substances
uniport (H+, ATPase)
symport (SGLT)-secondary
antiport (Na+/K+ ATPase)-primary

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29
Q

Saturation

A

Depend on conc, but has a limit

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30
Q

Competition

A

Glucose vs. glactose

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31
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Fluid intake

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32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Solid intake

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33
Q

Autocrine Signal

A

Chemical

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34
Q

Gap Junction

A

Chemical and electrical

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35
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical

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36
Q

Neurohormone

A

Chemical

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37
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical and electrical

38
Q

Paracrine Signal

A

Chemical

39
Q

Ligand

A

Something that binds to a receptor

40
Q

Intracellular Signal Receptors

A

gene exp.
ligands diffuse across cell

41
Q

Lipophilic Molecules

A

Steroids

42
Q

Target Cell Receptors

A

Rapid

43
Q

G Protein

A

Coupled receptor (don’t cross membranes)

44
Q

Second Messengers

A

Intracellular signals that amplify a signal (Ex: agonist and antagonist)

45
Q

Tonic Control

A

Permits the activity of the organ system to be modulated, either up or down (Ex: diameter of a blood vessel; 1 factor)

46
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

proteins (water soluable, cannot cross membrane)
amplify response (secondary messenger)
faster b/c extracellular (Ex: insulin)

47
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

metabolizes (not water soluable, diffuse across membrane)
slower b/c intracellular (Ex: estrogen)
signal is within the cell (nucleus)–>transcription

48
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland (portal system)–> kidney and liver

49
Q

Vessels

A

neurons (neurohormones)
endocrine cells (peptide hormones)–>prolactin, TSH, GH, ACTH, FH, LSH

50
Q

Hypothalamic Hormones

A

Trophic (intermediate hormones that target other endocrine tissues)

51
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

oxytocin (childbirth)
vasopressin (ADH and BP)

52
Q

Synergism

A

enhances effect

53
Q

Antagonism

A

insulin (decreases BG)
glucogon (increases BG)

54
Q

Permissivness

A

Thyroid hormone requires 2 factors w/ reprodutive hormones to have an effect

55
Q

Primary Endocrine Pathology

A

Damage to adrenal cortex

56
Q

Secondary Endocrine Pathology

A

Damage to an area upstream

57
Q

Which cells are the most prominent in the body?

A

Epithelial and connective

58
Q

How much of the ECF is interstitial fluid

A

75%

59
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

ions
small polar molecules
large polar molecules

60
Q

Hormones

A

Secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood

61
Q

Osmolarity

A

Decribes the number of particles in the solution (solute/volume)

62
Q

Tonicity

A

Describes the solution and how the extracellular solution would affect cell volume

63
Q

Law of Mass Balance

A

existing body load (body load)
intake of metabolic production (input)
excretion of metabolic removal (output)

64
Q

dynamic equalibrium

A

Materials that are constantly moving back and forth to maintain homeostasis

65
Q

3 classes of molecules that make up cell membrane

A

proteins
lipids
carbs

66
Q

3 classes of proteins

A

integral
transmembrane
peripheral

67
Q

3 classes of lipids

A

phospholipid
spinolipid
cholesterol

68
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

lipids
small polar molecules
non-polar gases

69
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

large polar molecules
ions
drugs
AA

70
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

large polar molecules
ions
drugs
AA

71
Q

Endo/Exo/Phago

A

large macromolecules
waste
lipids
B cells
insulin

72
Q

Exchange

A

urinary
circulatory
respiratory

73
Q

Transporting

A

urinary
digestive

74
Q

CIliated

A

reproductive
respiratory

75
Q

Protective

A

integumentary

76
Q

Secretory

A

integumentary
circulatory
digestive

77
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

direct connection

78
Q

Normal Thyroid Func.

A

Increase in TRH–>increase in TSH–>increase in T3 and T4

79
Q

Cortisol

A

steroid hormone
permissive w/ insulin
catabolic

80
Q

Hypercortisol

A

primary- tumor
secondary- tumor (cushing’s)
latrogenic (via taking steroids)

81
Q

Hypocortisolism

A

Addison’s disease
hyponatremia and hyperkalemia (aldosterone, catechlomines, and cortisol)

82
Q

ACTH and B-endorphin

A

Blocks pain and flight/fight

83
Q

T3 and T4

A

need iodine
promotes metabolism

84
Q

Goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland (hyper and hypo)

85
Q

Graves disease

A

Have TSI that mimics TSH

86
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Deposits of mucopolysaccarides

87
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

lack of iodine in diet
myxedema (puffy apperance)
decrease protein synthesis

88
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in organ site by an increase in cell size

89
Q

Growth Hormone

A

anabolic
GH and IGF- stimulate protein synthesis and increases bone growth (antagonostic)

90
Q

Acromegaly

A

increase in GH
bones grow more quickly (gigantism)

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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