Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

the integrative study of the human body (major themes: organization, energy, information, interactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant, internal environment (Ex: pH, gases, ions, temp, fluids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do you need to regulate water temp?

A

thermostat-integrating center (detects water change)
heater-output signal (turn on heater)
water (increase in temp)
*original temp of water is input signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do you need to regulate glucose levels?

A

input signal : increase in glucose levels
integrating signal: pancreas detects change in glucose levels
output signal: pancreas releases insulin
response: decrease in glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Liver

A

Makes and stores glucose as glycogen (stops when glucose increases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response to the loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Positive Feedback

A

An outside factor is required to shut off loop (Ex: child birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plasma Cortisol

A

Detects stress levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell membrane serves as

A

protection
structural support
regulation
communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

A

High amount of protein to power the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mylinated Nerve Cell

A

High amount of lipids to transmit signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Red Blood Cell Membrane

A

Higher amount of carbs to detect blood type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tissues

A

epithelial (simple, squamous, stratified, pseudostratified, cuboidal, columnar
connective
muscle
nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epithelial cells are

A

polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Apical

A

top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basolateral

A

bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lumen

A

opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Connective Tissues

A

bone and cartilage
blood
adipose
loose connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Steady State

A

2 compartments where diff conc. are maintained (no net movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

H and E

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (nuclei are stained blue/purple; proteins are stained pink)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ICF

A

2/3 of total body water volume (cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ECF

A

1/3 of total body water volume (interstitial fluid and blood plasma-lots of protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What proportion of the ECF is plasma?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NaCl

A

1:1 b/c can dissociate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Glucose

A

1:1 b/c can’t dissociate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Aquaporin Channels

A

water channels and are open channels
ions cant get in due to size and charge
SD do not require proteins
carrier proteins open and close (FD and AT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Active Transport

A

can move 1 or 2 substances
uniport (H+, ATPase)
symport (SGLT)-secondary
antiport (Na+/K+ ATPase)-primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Saturation

A

Depend on conc, but has a limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Competition

A

Glucose vs. glactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Fluid intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Solid intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Autocrine Signal

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Gap Junction

A

Chemical and electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Neurohormone

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical and electrical

38
Q

Paracrine Signal

39
Q

Ligand

A

Something that binds to a receptor

40
Q

Intracellular Signal Receptors

A

gene exp.
ligands diffuse across cell

41
Q

Lipophilic Molecules

42
Q

Target Cell Receptors

43
Q

G Protein

A

Coupled receptor (don’t cross membranes)

44
Q

Second Messengers

A

Intracellular signals that amplify a signal (Ex: agonist and antagonist)

45
Q

Tonic Control

A

Permits the activity of the organ system to be modulated, either up or down (Ex: diameter of a blood vessel; 1 factor)

46
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

proteins (water soluable, cannot cross membrane)
amplify response (secondary messenger)
faster b/c extracellular (Ex: insulin)

47
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

metabolizes (not water soluable, diffuse across membrane)
slower b/c intracellular (Ex: estrogen)
signal is within the cell (nucleus)–>transcription

48
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland (portal system)–> kidney and liver

49
Q

Vessels

A

neurons (neurohormones)
endocrine cells (peptide hormones)–>prolactin, TSH, GH, ACTH, FH, LSH

50
Q

Hypothalamic Hormones

A

Trophic (intermediate hormones that target other endocrine tissues)

51
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

oxytocin (childbirth)
vasopressin (ADH and BP)

52
Q

Synergism

A

enhances effect

53
Q

Antagonism

A

insulin (decreases BG)
glucogon (increases BG)

54
Q

Permissivness

A

Thyroid hormone requires 2 factors w/ reprodutive hormones to have an effect

55
Q

Primary Endocrine Pathology

A

Damage to adrenal cortex

56
Q

Secondary Endocrine Pathology

A

Damage to an area upstream

57
Q

Which cells are the most prominent in the body?

A

Epithelial and connective

58
Q

How much of the ECF is interstitial fluid

59
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

ions
small polar molecules
large polar molecules

60
Q

Hormones

A

Secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood

61
Q

Osmolarity

A

Decribes the number of particles in the solution (solute/volume)

62
Q

Tonicity

A

Describes the solution and how the extracellular solution would affect cell volume

63
Q

Law of Mass Balance

A

existing body load (body load)
intake of metabolic production (input)
excretion of metabolic removal (output)

64
Q

dynamic equalibrium

A

Materials that are constantly moving back and forth to maintain homeostasis

65
Q

3 classes of molecules that make up cell membrane

A

proteins
lipids
carbs

66
Q

3 classes of proteins

A

integral
transmembrane
peripheral

67
Q

3 classes of lipids

A

phospholipid
spinolipid
cholesterol

68
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

lipids
small polar molecules
non-polar gases

69
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

large polar molecules
ions
drugs
AA

70
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

large polar molecules
ions
drugs
AA

71
Q

Endo/Exo/Phago

A

large macromolecules
waste
lipids
B cells
insulin

72
Q

Exchange

A

urinary
circulatory
respiratory

73
Q

Transporting

A

urinary
digestive

74
Q

CIliated

A

reproductive
respiratory

75
Q

Protective

A

integumentary

76
Q

Secretory

A

integumentary
circulatory
digestive

77
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

direct connection

78
Q

Normal Thyroid Func.

A

Increase in TRH–>increase in TSH–>increase in T3 and T4

79
Q

Cortisol

A

steroid hormone
permissive w/ insulin
catabolic

80
Q

Hypercortisol

A

primary- tumor
secondary- tumor (cushing’s)
latrogenic (via taking steroids)

81
Q

Hypocortisolism

A

Addison’s disease
hyponatremia and hyperkalemia (aldosterone, catechlomines, and cortisol)

82
Q

ACTH and B-endorphin

A

Blocks pain and flight/fight

83
Q

T3 and T4

A

need iodine
promotes metabolism

84
Q

Goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland (hyper and hypo)

85
Q

Graves disease

A

Have TSI that mimics TSH

86
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Deposits of mucopolysaccarides

87
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

lack of iodine in diet
myxedema (puffy apperance)
decrease protein synthesis

88
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in organ site by an increase in cell size

89
Q

Growth Hormone

A

anabolic
GH and IGF- stimulate protein synthesis and increases bone growth (antagonostic)

90
Q

Acromegaly

A

increase in GH
bones grow more quickly (gigantism)

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions