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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

SRY genes

A

drives differentiation of testes

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2
Q

serotoli cells

A

secrete AMH

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3
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

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4
Q

respond to LH

A

leydig cells

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5
Q

recieve from FSH

A

sertoli cells

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6
Q

absence of AMH and testosterone

A

mullerian ducts stay and form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and portion of vagina

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

secrete small amounts of sex steroids
cortisol
aldosterone
epinepherine
norepinepherine

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8
Q

GnRH

A

regulated by kisspeptin

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9
Q

inhibins from gonads

A

inhibit FSH secretion

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10
Q

low estrogen and androgen

A

no neg. feedback

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11
Q

med estrogen and androgen

A

neg feedback

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12
Q

high androgen

A

neg feedback

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13
Q

high estrogen

A

positive feedback

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14
Q

primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cell
if unselected for maturation, will undergo atresia (cell death)

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15
Q

primary follicles

A

primary oocyte grows
granulosa cells divide (have FSH receptors and convert androgens to estrogens)

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16
Q

secondary follicles

A

grow larger
theca begin to form (have LH receptors and secrete androgens)
some fail program and become atretic

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17
Q

tertiary follicle

A

formation of a large fluid filled cavity antrum
release egg
a follicle that remains from pool becomes dom folllicle

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18
Q

LH

A

hormonal regulation

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19
Q

FSH

A

gamete production

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20
Q

theca cells

A

androgen production

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21
Q

granulosa cells

A

aromatase (androgen->estrogen)

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22
Q

LH and FSH

A

mediated by GnRH during ovulation

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23
Q

corpus luteum

A

produces progesterone and estrogen after ovulation

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24
Q

capacitution

A

sperm acrosome is able to penetrate the head (meiosis II)

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25
Q

implantation

A

occurrs 5-9 days after fertilization

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26
Q

blastacysts

A

cells that become placenta

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27
Q

inner cell mass

A

cells that become embryo

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28
Q

nerves

A

long axon of afferent and efferent peripheral neurons that are bundled toegther w/ connective tissue into cord like fibers

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29
Q

sensory nerves

A

afferent

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30
Q

motor nerves

A

efferent

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31
Q

glial cells

A

schwann cells in PNS
oligodendrocytes in CNS
satellite and gangion cells in PNS
astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells in CNS

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32
Q

antrograde

A

down the axon

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33
Q

retrograde

A

against the axon

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34
Q

ependymal cells

A

barrier formation

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35
Q

astrocytes

A

electrolyte balances neurotransmitter uptake
axon growth
barrier formation
energy formation

36
Q

afferent neurons

A

send signals from senseory receptors to CNS

37
Q

efferent neurons

A

send signals from CNS to motor neurons

38
Q

microglia

A

immune cells in brain

39
Q

oligodendrocytes and schawann

A

myelin sheath formation

40
Q

myelin

A

transmits signals faster (insulation)
protection

41
Q

depolarization

A

Na+ moves into the cell
Ca+ entry
less negative
excitatory

42
Q

hyperpolarization

A

Cl- moves into the cell
K+ exits
more negative
inhibitory

43
Q

graded potentials

A

do not travel long distances and maintain strength
lose strength via current leak and cytoplasmic resistance
can be deploarized or hyperpolarized

44
Q

action potential

A

all or nothing (constant)

45
Q

equailibrium

A

0 mv

46
Q

conductance

A

the ease at which ions flow through a channel

47
Q

excitatory

A

the ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus and fire an action potential

48
Q

refractory period

A

neurons do not fire

49
Q

demyelinating diseases

A

multiple sclerosis
guillan-barre syndrome

50
Q

Ca2+

A

important for release of neurotransmitters

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

temp control
water balance
eating behavior

52
Q

pons and medulla

A

urinary bladder control
respiratory control
bp regulation

53
Q

neurotransmitter termination

A

return to axon terminal for reuse or transported into glial cells
enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters
neurotranmitters can diffcuse out of the synaptic cleft

54
Q

divergence

A

one presynaptic neuron brances to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons

55
Q

convergence

A

many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons

56
Q

anterior pituitary

A

GH
ACTH
LH
FSH
prolactin
TSH

57
Q

posterior pituitary

A

ADH
oxytocin

58
Q

hypothalamus

A

TRH
CRH
GHRH
dopamine
somatastatin

59
Q

thyroid/parathyroid

A

T3
T4
calcitonin
PTH

60
Q

thymus

A

thymulin
thymosin
thymopoietin

61
Q

pancreas

A

insulin
glucagon

62
Q

testes

A

testosterone (androgen)

63
Q

ovaries

A

estrogen
progesterone

64
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin

65
Q

liver

A

IGFs

66
Q

autonomic pathways (efferent)

A

preganglionic neuron
postganglionic neuron

67
Q

vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic

68
Q

sympathetic hormones

A

acetylcholine
norepinepherine (adrenergic receptors)

69
Q

parasympathetic hormone

A

acetylcholine (muscarinic receptor)->GPCR

70
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

ion-receptor channel
Na+ flows in depolarizing and causing an action potential

71
Q

autonomic varicosities

A

release neurotransmitterds over the surface of a target cell
target a variety of cells
smooth muscle cells

72
Q

beta blocker

A

decrease BP

73
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinepherine
modified sympathetic ganglion
most like posterior pituitary (direct connection to hypothalamus via portal system)

74
Q

`somatic motor pathways

A

control skeletal muscles
excitatory
synapse is on a muscle fiber called NMJ

75
Q

acetycholinesterase

A

breaks down acetylcholine
anticholinersterase inhibits so more Ach remains

76
Q

ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase w/ corpus luteum

77
Q

uterine cycle

A

menses
proliferative phase
secretory phase

78
Q

mechanically gated ion channels

A

respond to physical forces

79
Q

chemically gated ion channels

A

respond to extracellular ligands or intracellular signaling molecules

80
Q

voltage gated ion channels

A

respond to changes in cell’s membrane potential

81
Q

suprathreshold

A

leads to action potential

82
Q

amino acids

A

glutamate (excitatory)
GABA (inhibitory)
glycine (inhibitory)

83
Q

amines

A

norepinepherine
dopamine
epinepherine
serotonin
histamine

84
Q

sympathetic

A

thoracic
lumbar

85
Q

parasympathetic

A

brainstem
sacral

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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