Exam 2 Flashcards
SRY genes
drives differentiation of testes
serotoli cells
secrete AMH
leydig cells
secrete testosterone
respond to LH
leydig cells
recieve from FSH
sertoli cells
absence of AMH and testosterone
mullerian ducts stay and form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and portion of vagina
adrenal glands
secrete small amounts of sex steroids
cortisol
aldosterone
epinepherine
norepinepherine
GnRH
regulated by kisspeptin
inhibins from gonads
inhibit FSH secretion
low estrogen and androgen
no neg. feedback
med estrogen and androgen
neg feedback
high androgen
neg feedback
high estrogen
positive feedback
primordial follicle
primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cell
if unselected for maturation, will undergo atresia (cell death)
primary follicles
primary oocyte grows
granulosa cells divide (have FSH receptors and convert androgens to estrogens)
secondary follicles
grow larger
theca begin to form (have LH receptors and secrete androgens)
some fail program and become atretic
tertiary follicle
formation of a large fluid filled cavity antrum
release egg
a follicle that remains from pool becomes dom folllicle
LH
hormonal regulation
FSH
gamete production
theca cells
androgen production
granulosa cells
aromatase (androgen->estrogen)
LH and FSH
mediated by GnRH during ovulation
corpus luteum
produces progesterone and estrogen after ovulation
capacitution
sperm acrosome is able to penetrate the head (meiosis II)
implantation
occurrs 5-9 days after fertilization
blastacysts
cells that become placenta
inner cell mass
cells that become embryo
nerves
long axon of afferent and efferent peripheral neurons that are bundled toegther w/ connective tissue into cord like fibers
sensory nerves
afferent
motor nerves
efferent
glial cells
schwann cells in PNS
oligodendrocytes in CNS
satellite and gangion cells in PNS
astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells in CNS
antrograde
down the axon
retrograde
against the axon
ependymal cells
barrier formation
astrocytes
electrolyte balances neurotransmitter uptake
axon growth
barrier formation
energy formation
afferent neurons
send signals from senseory receptors to CNS
efferent neurons
send signals from CNS to motor neurons
microglia
immune cells in brain
oligodendrocytes and schawann
myelin sheath formation
myelin
transmits signals faster (insulation)
protection
depolarization
Na+ moves into the cell
Ca+ entry
less negative
excitatory
hyperpolarization
Cl- moves into the cell
K+ exits
more negative
inhibitory
graded potentials
do not travel long distances and maintain strength
lose strength via current leak and cytoplasmic resistance
can be deploarized or hyperpolarized
action potential
all or nothing (constant)
equailibrium
0 mv
conductance
the ease at which ions flow through a channel
excitatory
the ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus and fire an action potential
refractory period
neurons do not fire
demyelinating diseases
multiple sclerosis
guillan-barre syndrome
Ca2+
important for release of neurotransmitters
hypothalamus
temp control
water balance
eating behavior
pons and medulla
urinary bladder control
respiratory control
bp regulation
neurotransmitter termination
return to axon terminal for reuse or transported into glial cells
enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters
neurotranmitters can diffcuse out of the synaptic cleft
divergence
one presynaptic neuron brances to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons
convergence
many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons
anterior pituitary
GH
ACTH
LH
FSH
prolactin
TSH
posterior pituitary
ADH
oxytocin
hypothalamus
TRH
CRH
GHRH
dopamine
somatastatin
thyroid/parathyroid
T3
T4
calcitonin
PTH
thymus
thymulin
thymosin
thymopoietin
pancreas
insulin
glucagon
testes
testosterone (androgen)
ovaries
estrogen
progesterone
pineal gland
melatonin
liver
IGFs
autonomic pathways (efferent)
preganglionic neuron
postganglionic neuron
vagus nerve
parasympathetic
sympathetic hormones
acetylcholine
norepinepherine (adrenergic receptors)
parasympathetic hormone
acetylcholine (muscarinic receptor)->GPCR
nicotinic receptor
ion-receptor channel
Na+ flows in depolarizing and causing an action potential
autonomic varicosities
release neurotransmitterds over the surface of a target cell
target a variety of cells
smooth muscle cells
beta blocker
decrease BP
adrenal medulla
secretes epinepherine
modified sympathetic ganglion
most like posterior pituitary (direct connection to hypothalamus via portal system)
`somatic motor pathways
control skeletal muscles
excitatory
synapse is on a muscle fiber called NMJ
acetycholinesterase
breaks down acetylcholine
anticholinersterase inhibits so more Ach remains
ovarian cycle
follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase w/ corpus luteum
uterine cycle
menses
proliferative phase
secretory phase
mechanically gated ion channels
respond to physical forces
chemically gated ion channels
respond to extracellular ligands or intracellular signaling molecules
voltage gated ion channels
respond to changes in cell’s membrane potential
suprathreshold
leads to action potential
amino acids
glutamate (excitatory)
GABA (inhibitory)
glycine (inhibitory)
amines
norepinepherine
dopamine
epinepherine
serotonin
histamine
sympathetic
thoracic
lumbar
parasympathetic
brainstem
sacral
