Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd Semester Nursing > Pharmacology: Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Pharmacology: Basic Concepts Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Pharmacology flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Adult Health flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards
1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Therapeutics

A

The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent pregnancy, or treat disease states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of how living systems process drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of how drugs affect living systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

The study of how genetics affect our drug response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ADME: what does it stand for and does it fall under pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Drug-receptor interactions, patient’s functional state, placebo effects… these fall under pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics?

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Schedule I Drugs

A

High abuse potential with no accepted medical uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Schedule II drugs

A

High abuse potential WITH accepted medical uses (opiates, methylphenidate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Schedule III drugs

A

Abuse potential, but less than I or II

(Codeine, steroids, pseudoephedrine - IN OREGON ONLY). Can differ from one state to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Schedule IV drugs

A

Include benzos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Schedule V drugs

A

Include cough medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pregnancy Categories A, B, C, D, X

A

A: no risk to fetus in 1st trimester
B: no well controlled human studies, but no risk in animal studies
C: animal studies have adverse effects, but in humans benefits outweigh risks
D: Fetal risk. Only really ok if no safer alternative
X: Fetal abnormalities. Don’t use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical trial Phase I purpose

A

First in human studies
Healthy volunteers
Know what they’re taking.
Goal is to assess safety and tolerability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clinical Trial Phase II

A

First in patient studies
Patients receive drug
Randomized, controlled, maybe blind
Goal: correct dose and efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical Trials phase 3

A

Hundreds of thousands of patients
Randomized, controlled, maybe blind
Best phase to gather info from.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical Trials phase IV

A

Post-marketing surveillance.

DDIs, AEs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Simple Occupancy Theory

A

The number of places a drug binds to a receptor is proportional to the intensity of the effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Modified Occupancy Theory

A

Strength of the attraction between drug and receptor affects the potency of the drug. Drugs with lower affinity require higher concentrations to bind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intrinsic activity

A

The ability of a drug to activate a receptor to produce an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Noncompetitive antagonists

A

Bind irreversibly to an allosteric site
Fewer available receptors reduces the maximum possible effect.
Adding more agonist doesn’t help because the receptor sites have changed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Competitive antagonists

A

Compete for receptors with equal affinity as the agonists.

Bind reversibly, so whichever has the most creates the strongest effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Partial agonists

A

Can’t produce a 100% effect, no matter how much you give.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Receptorless drugs

A

Antacids, laxatives, chelating agents

25
Q

Dose response curve: Pharmacodynamics or Pharmacokinetics?

What’s the x-variable and what’s the y-variable?

A

Pharmacodynamics.
X-variable: concentration of the drug
Y-variable: effect or response

26
Q

Relative potency

-does it affect maximal efficacy?

A

The amount of a drug needed to produce an effect.

Has nothing to do with maximal efficacy.

27
Q

EC50

A

The concentration of a drug that produces a specific response intensity in 50% of the population

28
Q

ED50

A

The dose of a drug that produces the same response in 50% of the population.
Aka: “median effective dose”

29
Q

The smaller the ED50, the _____ potent

A

More

30
Q

Therapeutic Index or Therapeutic window

How to calculate?

A

How safe a drug is.
The higher the TI, the safer the drug.

Toxic dose/(dose needed for therapeutic response)
LD50/ED50

31
Q

Factors in bioavailability of a drug

A 
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility of a drug
Ph partitioning
Route of administration
32
Q

Ion trapping

A

Acidic drugs accumulate on the alkaline side of a membrane, while basic drugs accumulate on the acidic side of a membrane

33
Q

Percutaneous route

A

Lipid soluble

Massaging increases absorption

34
Q

When can non-lipid soluble drugs enter the BBB?

A

Only when they have a transport system to get across. All other drugs must be lipid-soluble.

35
Q

ABC transporters - what does it stand for? What do they rely on?

A

ATP Binding Cassette transporter

Rely on ATP
Use P-glycoproteins (site of many DDIs). If blocked, can affect absorption.

36
Q

SLC transporters

A

Solute Carrier Transporters

Don’t use ATP.
Facilitated transport and ion-coupled secondary active transport.

37
Q

Protein bound drugs - what does this mean?

A

Bound to albumin

Won’t cross membranes if bound (bonds are reversible)

38
Q

Where does metabolism of drugs usually happen? What does it mean?

A 
At the liver, usually. 
Means the enzymatic alteration of the structure of the drug. 
Form metabolites (usually inactive, but sometimes active).
39
Q

Prodrug

A

When a drug becomes active AFTER metabolism by the liver.

40
Q

Phase I of drug metabolism - what is it?

A

Chemical process - oxidation/reduction/hydrolysis

-modifies functional group or breaks into smaller pieces

41
Q

Phase II of drug metabolism - what is it?

A

Conjugation with an endogenous substance. Allows for better excretion by forming a more polar molecule.

42
Q

What are drug-metabolizing enzymes? Which are the major ones?

A 
The enzymes that metabolize in Phase I. 
Cytochrome P450s (P450 or CYP): major hepatic enzymes
43
Q

Transferases - what do they do? What phase of drug metabolism are they associated with?

A

Transfer endogenous substances onto drugs.

Phase II of drug metabolism.

44
Q

Why does the first pass effect happen? What is the bioavailability of oral meds as a result?

A

Because the drug goes from the GI tract to the liver before entering systemic circulation.
Oral meds have a 0.5 bioavailability because of this.

45
Q

What is enterohepatic recirculation?

A

Repeating cycle that brings drug from liver to bile to GI tract and back. Requires glucaronidation.

46
Q

What are the 3 processes of renal excretion?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Passive tubular reabsorption
  3. Active tubular secretion (needs ATP)
47
Q

What is the time-concentration curve?

A

Demonstrates the relationship between the time after administration and the drug concentration in the body

48
Q

What is the Therapeutic Range? What’s the equation?

A

In the time-concentration curve, the range between minimum toxic concentration and the minimum effective concentration.
MTC-MEC

49
Q

How many half-lives are needed to eliminate a drug from the system?

A

4

50
Q

What happens to the half-life of a drug in renal failure?

A

The half-life increases

51
Q

Direct chemical or physical interactions between drugs consist of what? What are two big rules?

A

Usually in an IV solution.
Big rules: don’t administer if you see precipitate.
Never combine drugs in the same container unless you know a reaction won’t occur.

52
Q

Pharmacokinetic interactions consist of what?

A

Medications that alter another’s ADM or E.
Ex:
-affect transporters like p-glycoproteins
-affect metabolism like CYP enzymes (induce or inhibit)

53
Q

Pharmacodynamic drug interactions - where are they likely to happen?

A

Can be at same receptor (usually inhibitory)

Or at separate sites (potentiative or inhibitory)

54
Q

What’s the problem with grapefruit juice?

A

It can inhibit CYP3A4 metabolism of certain drugs.

55
Q

What effect does St John’s Wort tend to have on drugs?

A

It induces drug-metabolizing enzymes, reducing blood levels of many drugs.

56
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

Drug induced disease (like Parkinson’s symptoms created by antipsychotics)

57
Q

If you’re checking for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, you’re checking what?

A

LFTs

58
Q

What’s the difference between pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics?

A

Pharmacogenetics refers to differences in a single gene and how it alters drug responses, while pharmacogenomics refers to differences in multiple genes and how it affects drug response.

59
Q

Genetic polymorphism

A

Variation in genetic code. (Ex: CYP2D6 and codeine metabolism). Can affect protein structure, metabolism speed, qty, or nothing at all.

2nd Semester Nursing (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions