Pharmacology

Question 1

Explain the “sandwich” layers of the cornea?

Answer 1

• lipid
• water
• lipid

Question 2

The epithelium of the cornea is ___hydrophobic/hydrophillic___

Answer 2

• hydrophobic

- lipophillic

Question 3

The stroma of the cornea is ___hydrophobic/hydrophillic___

Answer 3

• hydrophilic

- lipophobic

Question 4

Lipid solube drugs penetrate____

Answer 4

• the epithelium of the cornea

Question 5

Water soluble drugs penetrate ____

Answer 5

• the stroma of the cornea

Question 6

What can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the endothelium?

Answer 6

• ocular surface inflammation

Question 7

An alcohol or acetate group added to a topical steroid has what affect?

Answer 7

• more hydrophobic

- can go through epithelium

Question 8

A phosphate group added to a topical steroid has what affect?

Answer 8

• more hydrophillic

- through stroma

Question 9

Prednisolone acetate is taken up where?

Answer 9

• actetate = hydrophobic, goes through epithelium

Question 10

Prednisolone phosphate is taken up where?

Answer 10

• phosphate = hydrophilic, through stroma

Question 11

What is a common preservative added to topical eye treatments?

Answer 11

• benzalkonium chloride

Question 12

What drug is used 1st line to lower ICP in glaucoma?

Answer 12

• prostanoids
  e. g. latanoprost
  e. g. bimatoprost

Question 13

What are steroids commonly used for in ophthalmology?

Answer 13

• post op cataracts
• uveitis
• to prevent corneal graft rejection

Question 14

Temporal arteritis has what risk in the eyes?

Answer 14

• anterior ischaemic neuropathy

Question 15

Side effects of steroids?

Answer 15

• cataracts
• glaucoma
• exacerbation of viral infections

Question 16

What should NOT be given to a red eye patient?

Answer 16

• DO NOT give steroids to a red eye patient before examining with a split eye to ensure no dendritic ulcers

Question 17

Define glaucoma?

Answer 17

• a group of diseases characterised by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic field defects

Question 18

Glaucoma on fundoscopy?

Answer 18

• central cup of optic nerve increases

Question 19

What is the main aim of glaucoma treatment?

Answer 19

• bring intraocular pressure down

Question 20

What are some 2nd line glaucoma treatments?

Answer 20

• beta blockers

- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 21

How do local anaesthetics work on the eye?

Answer 21

• blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

Question 22

What is the aim of mydriatics?

Answer 22

• dilate the pupil

Question 23

Tropicamide is what class of drug?

Answer 23

• mydriatics

Question 24

How do mydriatics work?

Answer 24

• block parasympathetic supply to iris
• block sphincter pupillae
• dilate pupil

Question 25

What is the affect of sympathomimetics?

Answer 25

• dilate pupil

- stimulate sympathetic pathway

Question 26

What is the aim of parasympathomimetics?

Answer 26

• constrict pupil

Question 27

What is an ophthalmology side effect of ethambutol?

Answer 27

• optic neuropathy

Question 28

What is an ophthalmology side effect of chloroquine?

Answer 28

• maculopathy