Pharmacology

Question 1

Explain what occurs when adrenaline binds to b2 adrenergic receptor

Answer 1

• conformational change
• Ga-s subunit binds to adenylate cyclase
• ATP –> protein kinase A
• inhibits MLCK pathway

Question 2

Example of a kinase-linked receptor

Answer 2

• insulin

Question 3

Define autocrine

Answer 3

• Chemicals released from the cells bind to receptors on or in the cell that is releasing them

Question 4

Define paracrine

Answer 4

• Chemicals released from the cells bind to receptors on adjacent cells

Question 5

Define endocrine

Answer 5

• Chemicals released from the secretory cells are usually transported via the circulatory system

Question 6

Define hormones

Answer 6

• Any substance produced by one cell to regulate another cell

Question 7

What is known as the endocrine director?

Answer 7

• hypothalamus

Question 8

Function of the hypothalamus

Answer 8

• secretion of regulatory hormones
• synthesis of hormones
• direct neural control

Question 9

Explain steroid hormones

Answer 9

• lipids derived from cholesterol
• hydrophobic
• carried by carrier proteins

Question 10

Examples of steroid hormones

Answer 10

• Examples: cortisol, testosterone, oestradiol

Question 11

Explain amine hormones

Answer 11

• Hydrophilic and transported unbound
• Derived from amino acids
• Secreted from thyroid and adrenal medulla

Question 12

Example of an amine hormone

Answer 12

• adrenaline

Question 13

Explain peptide hormones

Answer 13

• Hydrophilic
• Unbound in plasma
• Secreted by pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver and kidneys
• synthesised as a precursor and stored

Question 14

What hormones need carrier proteins?

Answer 14

• thyroid hormones

- steroid hormones

Question 15

Name a thyroid carrier protein?

Answer 15

• thyroxine binding globulin