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Endocrinology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 major endocrine glands?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid
  • adrenals
  • testes
  • ovaries
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2
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A
  • hypothalamus

- thalamus

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3
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A
  • infundibulum
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4
Q

What is the pituitary gland divided in to?

A
  • anterior (adenohypophysis)

- posterior (neurohypophysis)

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5
Q

What is the anterior division of the pituitary gland composed of?

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
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6
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland synthesis and release?

A
  • GH
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • PRL
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7
Q

What is the posterior division of the pituitary gland composed of?

A
  • pars nervosa
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8
Q

What does the posterior division of the pituitary gland release?

A
  • oxytocin
  • ADH
    (both synthesised in the hypothalamus)
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9
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A
  • in the pituitary fossa

- sella turica

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10
Q

What lies immediately superior to the pituitary gland?

A
  • diaphragma sella
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11
Q

What lies immediately inferior to the pituitary gland?

A
  • optic chiasma
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12
Q

Tumours of the pituitary gland can cause?

A
  • Bitemporal hemianopia

- loss of temporal field vision

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13
Q

What are the 2 routes for pituitary gland surgery?

A
  • transsphenoidal

- transcranial

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14
Q

What are the 4 nasal sinus?

A
  • ethmoid
  • maxillary
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
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15
Q

CN V1?

A
  • Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
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16
Q

CN V2?

A
  • Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
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17
Q

CN V3?

A
  • Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
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18
Q

What lines the cranial vault?

A
  • Dura mater
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19
Q

What forms the roof over the pituitary fossa?

A
  • Diaphragma sellae
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20
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A
  • sheet of dura mater that lies over the pituitary fossa
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21
Q

What functional deficit is noted when the optic chiasma is damaged?

A
  • bitemporal hemianopia
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22
Q

What functional deficit is noted when the dura mater is damaged?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid leak
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23
Q

Where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid join?

A
  • manubrium of the sternum
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24
Q

Where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid join?

A
  • the medial end of the clavicle
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25
Q

Where do both the sternal head and clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid join to superiorly?

A
  • mastoid process of the temporal bone
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26
Q

What nerve supply is responsible for the sternocleidomastoid?

A
  • spinal accessory nerve XI
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27
Q

What are the layers of the neck posterior to anterior?

A
  • skin
  • superficial fascia
  • investing fascia
  • pre vertebral fascia
  • carotid sheath
  • pre tracheal fascia
28
Q

What is contained within the superficial fascia of the neck?

A
  • platysma
29
Q

What lies immediately inferior to the skin of the neck?

A
  • platysma
30
Q

What is found within the investing fascia?

A
  • all other compartments
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezium
31
Q

What nerve innervates the platysma?

A
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
32
Q

What is enclosed within the pre vertebral fascia?

A
  • cervical vertebrae

- postural neck muscles

33
Q

What is enclosed within the carotid sheath?

A
  • internal jugular vein
  • common carotid artery
  • vagus nerve
  • deep cervical lymph nodes
34
Q

What is enclosed within the pre tracheal fascia?

A
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • recurrent laryngeal
  • thyroid gland
  • strap muscles
35
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the strap muscles and what fascia compartment are they found in?

A
  • thyrohyoid
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • omohyoid
  • found in the pre tracheal fascia
36
Q

Where is the carotid sheath located in respect to the thyroid gland?

A
  • posterolateral
37
Q

Where is the embryological development of the thyroid gland and at what week does it reach its final destination?

A
  • proliferation of the tongue

- 7th week of development

38
Q

What connects the embryological thyroid gland to the tongue?

A
  • thyroglossal duct
39
Q

Explain thyroglossal duct cysts?

A
  • ectopic thyroid tissue anywhere along the embryological thyroglossal duct
40
Q

What vertebra level is the thyroid gland positioned?

A
  • C5-T1
41
Q

What connects the left and the right lobes of the thymus?

A
  • isthmus
42
Q

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?

A
  • superior and inferior thyroid artery
  • superior - external carotid
  • inferior - subclavian
43
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A
  • superior, middle, inferior thyroid vein
  • superior and middle - internal jugular vein
  • inferior - brachiocephalic
44
Q

Where does the superior and middle thyroid vein drain into?

A
  • internal jugular vein
45
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A
  • brachiocephalic vein
46
Q

What is the anatomical location of the parathyroid glands?

A
  • posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

- usually 4 glands

47
Q

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid gland?

A
  • inferior thyroid artery
48
Q

What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid gland?

A
  • superior, middle, inferior thyroid vein
49
Q

The pyramidal lobe is usually an extension of which lobe of the thyroid gland?

A
  • left lobe

- attaches superiorly to the thyroid cartilage

50
Q

CN X?

A
  • vagus nerve
51
Q

Explain what nerve is found in the carotid sheath and what is its final destination?

A
  • vagus nerve (CN X)
  • passes posteriorly through the carotid sheath into the mediastinum
  • then passes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus to reach the abdominal organs for parasympathetic control
52
Q

What incision is performed for a thyroidectomy?

A
  • collar incision
53
Q

What do the hypothalamic neutrons secrete?

A
  • releasing hormones

- release-inhibitory hormones

54
Q

What carries the hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary?

A
  • hypophyseal portal veins
55
Q

How do hormones from the anterior pituitary enter systemic circulation?

A
  • hypophyseal portal veins

- superior vena cava

56
Q

Deficit to the oculomotor nerve may present as what?

A
  • eye movement deficit

- dilated pupils

57
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found, beside what lobes of the brain?

A
  • temporal lobes
58
Q

What are the exit points of the CN V1,V2,V3

A
  • SRO
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • foramen Rotundum
  • foramen Ovale
59
Q

What nerve supplies the majority of the straps muscles except the thyrohyoid muscle?

A
  • Ansa cervicalis
60
Q

Pancreatic blood supply.

What anastomosis is present?

A
  • anastomosis between the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
61
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A
  • retroperitoneum

- superior to the kidneys

62
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release?

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • mineralocorticoids
  • androgens
63
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A
  • adrenaline

- noradrenaline

64
Q

Blood supply to the adrenal glands?

A
  • superior suprarenal arteries
  • middle suprarenal arteries
  • inferior suprarenal arteries
65
Q

What nerve lies within the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Accessory nerve

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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