Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 7 major endocrine glands?
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid
- adrenals
- testes
- ovaries
What is the diencephalon composed of?
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
- infundibulum
What is the pituitary gland divided in to?
- anterior (adenohypophysis)
- posterior (neurohypophysis)
What is the anterior division of the pituitary gland composed of?
- pars distalis
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
What does the anterior pituitary gland synthesis and release?
- GH
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH
- LH
- PRL
What is the posterior division of the pituitary gland composed of?
- pars nervosa
What does the posterior division of the pituitary gland release?
- oxytocin
- ADH
(both synthesised in the hypothalamus)
Where is the pituitary gland located?
- in the pituitary fossa
- sella turica
What lies immediately superior to the pituitary gland?
- diaphragma sella
What lies immediately inferior to the pituitary gland?
- optic chiasma
Tumours of the pituitary gland can cause?
- Bitemporal hemianopia
- loss of temporal field vision
What are the 2 routes for pituitary gland surgery?
- transsphenoidal
- transcranial
What are the 4 nasal sinus?
- ethmoid
- maxillary
- frontal
- sphenoid
CN V1?
- Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
CN V2?
- Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
CN V3?
- Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
What lines the cranial vault?
- Dura mater
What forms the roof over the pituitary fossa?
- Diaphragma sellae
What is the diaphragma sellae?
- sheet of dura mater that lies over the pituitary fossa
What functional deficit is noted when the optic chiasma is damaged?
- bitemporal hemianopia
What functional deficit is noted when the dura mater is damaged?
- cerebrospinal fluid leak
Where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid join?
- manubrium of the sternum
Where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid join?
- the medial end of the clavicle
Where do both the sternal head and clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid join to superiorly?
- mastoid process of the temporal bone
What nerve supply is responsible for the sternocleidomastoid?
- spinal accessory nerve XI
What are the layers of the neck posterior to anterior?
- skin
- superficial fascia
- investing fascia
- pre vertebral fascia
- carotid sheath
- pre tracheal fascia
What is contained within the superficial fascia of the neck?
- platysma
What lies immediately inferior to the skin of the neck?
- platysma
What is found within the investing fascia?
- all other compartments
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezium
What nerve innervates the platysma?
- facial nerve (CN VII)
What is enclosed within the pre vertebral fascia?
- cervical vertebrae
- postural neck muscles
What is enclosed within the carotid sheath?
- internal jugular vein
- common carotid artery
- vagus nerve
- deep cervical lymph nodes
What is enclosed within the pre tracheal fascia?
- trachea
- oesophagus
- recurrent laryngeal
- thyroid gland
- strap muscles
What are the 4 muscles that make up the strap muscles and what fascia compartment are they found in?
- thyrohyoid
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- omohyoid
- found in the pre tracheal fascia
Where is the carotid sheath located in respect to the thyroid gland?
- posterolateral
Where is the embryological development of the thyroid gland and at what week does it reach its final destination?
- proliferation of the tongue
- 7th week of development
What connects the embryological thyroid gland to the tongue?
- thyroglossal duct
Explain thyroglossal duct cysts?
- ectopic thyroid tissue anywhere along the embryological thyroglossal duct
What vertebra level is the thyroid gland positioned?
- C5-T1
What connects the left and the right lobes of the thymus?
- isthmus
What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?
- superior and inferior thyroid artery
- superior - external carotid
- inferior - subclavian
What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?
- superior, middle, inferior thyroid vein
- superior and middle - internal jugular vein
- inferior - brachiocephalic
Where does the superior and middle thyroid vein drain into?
- internal jugular vein
Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
- brachiocephalic vein
What is the anatomical location of the parathyroid glands?
- posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
- usually 4 glands
What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid gland?
- inferior thyroid artery
What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid gland?
- superior, middle, inferior thyroid vein
The pyramidal lobe is usually an extension of which lobe of the thyroid gland?
- left lobe
- attaches superiorly to the thyroid cartilage
CN X?
- vagus nerve
Explain what nerve is found in the carotid sheath and what is its final destination?
- vagus nerve (CN X)
- passes posteriorly through the carotid sheath into the mediastinum
- then passes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus to reach the abdominal organs for parasympathetic control
What incision is performed for a thyroidectomy?
- collar incision
What do the hypothalamic neutrons secrete?
- releasing hormones
- release-inhibitory hormones
What carries the hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary?
- hypophyseal portal veins
How do hormones from the anterior pituitary enter systemic circulation?
- hypophyseal portal veins
- superior vena cava
Deficit to the oculomotor nerve may present as what?
- eye movement deficit
- dilated pupils
Where is the pituitary gland found, beside what lobes of the brain?
- temporal lobes
What are the exit points of the CN V1,V2,V3
- SRO
- Superior orbital fissure
- foramen Rotundum
- foramen Ovale
What nerve supplies the majority of the straps muscles except the thyrohyoid muscle?
- Ansa cervicalis
Pancreatic blood supply.
What anastomosis is present?
- anastomosis between the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Where are the adrenal glands located?
- retroperitoneum
- superior to the kidneys
What does the adrenal cortex release?
- glucocorticoids
- mineralocorticoids
- androgens
What does the adrenal medulla release?
- adrenaline
- noradrenaline
Blood supply to the adrenal glands?
- superior suprarenal arteries
- middle suprarenal arteries
- inferior suprarenal arteries
What nerve lies within the posterior triangle of the neck?
- Accessory nerve
