Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 major endocrine glands?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid
  • adrenals
  • testes
  • ovaries
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2
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A
  • hypothalamus

- thalamus

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3
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A
  • infundibulum
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4
Q

What is the pituitary gland divided in to?

A
  • anterior (adenohypophysis)

- posterior (neurohypophysis)

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5
Q

What is the anterior division of the pituitary gland composed of?

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
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6
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland synthesis and release?

A
  • GH
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • PRL
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7
Q

What is the posterior division of the pituitary gland composed of?

A
  • pars nervosa
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8
Q

What does the posterior division of the pituitary gland release?

A
  • oxytocin
  • ADH
    (both synthesised in the hypothalamus)
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9
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A
  • in the pituitary fossa

- sella turica

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10
Q

What lies immediately superior to the pituitary gland?

A
  • diaphragma sella
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11
Q

What lies immediately inferior to the pituitary gland?

A
  • optic chiasma
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12
Q

Tumours of the pituitary gland can cause?

A
  • Bitemporal hemianopia

- loss of temporal field vision

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13
Q

What are the 2 routes for pituitary gland surgery?

A
  • transsphenoidal

- transcranial

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14
Q

What are the 4 nasal sinus?

A
  • ethmoid
  • maxillary
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
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15
Q

CN V1?

A
  • Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
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16
Q

CN V2?

A
  • Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
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17
Q

CN V3?

A
  • Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
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18
Q

What lines the cranial vault?

A
  • Dura mater
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19
Q

What forms the roof over the pituitary fossa?

A
  • Diaphragma sellae
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20
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A
  • sheet of dura mater that lies over the pituitary fossa
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21
Q

What functional deficit is noted when the optic chiasma is damaged?

A
  • bitemporal hemianopia
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22
Q

What functional deficit is noted when the dura mater is damaged?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid leak
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23
Q

Where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid join?

A
  • manubrium of the sternum
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24
Q

Where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid join?

A
  • the medial end of the clavicle
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25
Where do both the sternal head and clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid join to superiorly?
- mastoid process of the temporal bone
26
What nerve supply is responsible for the sternocleidomastoid?
- spinal accessory nerve XI
27
What are the layers of the neck posterior to anterior?
- skin - superficial fascia - investing fascia - pre vertebral fascia - carotid sheath - pre tracheal fascia
28
What is contained within the superficial fascia of the neck?
- platysma
29
What lies immediately inferior to the skin of the neck?
- platysma
30
What is found within the investing fascia?
- all other compartments - sternocleidomastoid - trapezium
31
What nerve innervates the platysma?
- facial nerve (CN VII)
32
What is enclosed within the pre vertebral fascia?
- cervical vertebrae | - postural neck muscles
33
What is enclosed within the carotid sheath?
- internal jugular vein - common carotid artery - vagus nerve - deep cervical lymph nodes
34
What is enclosed within the pre tracheal fascia?
- trachea - oesophagus - recurrent laryngeal - thyroid gland - strap muscles
35
What are the 4 muscles that make up the strap muscles and what fascia compartment are they found in?
- thyrohyoid - sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid - found in the pre tracheal fascia
36
Where is the carotid sheath located in respect to the thyroid gland?
- posterolateral
37
Where is the embryological development of the thyroid gland and at what week does it reach its final destination?
- proliferation of the tongue | - 7th week of development
38
What connects the embryological thyroid gland to the tongue?
- thyroglossal duct
39
Explain thyroglossal duct cysts?
- ectopic thyroid tissue anywhere along the embryological thyroglossal duct
40
What vertebra level is the thyroid gland positioned?
- C5-T1
41
What connects the left and the right lobes of the thymus?
- isthmus
42
What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?
- superior and inferior thyroid artery - superior - external carotid - inferior - subclavian
43
What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?
- superior, middle, inferior thyroid vein - superior and middle - internal jugular vein - inferior - brachiocephalic
44
Where does the superior and middle thyroid vein drain into?
- internal jugular vein
45
Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
- brachiocephalic vein
46
What is the anatomical location of the parathyroid glands?
- posterior aspect of the thyroid gland | - usually 4 glands
47
What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid gland?
- inferior thyroid artery
48
What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid gland?
- superior, middle, inferior thyroid vein
49
The pyramidal lobe is usually an extension of which lobe of the thyroid gland?
- left lobe | - attaches superiorly to the thyroid cartilage
50
CN X?
- vagus nerve
51
Explain what nerve is found in the carotid sheath and what is its final destination?
- vagus nerve (CN X) - passes posteriorly through the carotid sheath into the mediastinum - then passes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus to reach the abdominal organs for parasympathetic control
52
What incision is performed for a thyroidectomy?
- collar incision
53
What do the hypothalamic neutrons secrete?
- releasing hormones | - release-inhibitory hormones
54
What carries the hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary?
- hypophyseal portal veins
55
How do hormones from the anterior pituitary enter systemic circulation?
- hypophyseal portal veins | - superior vena cava
56
Deficit to the oculomotor nerve may present as what?
- eye movement deficit | - dilated pupils
57
Where is the pituitary gland found, beside what lobes of the brain?
- temporal lobes
58
What are the exit points of the CN V1,V2,V3
- SRO - Superior orbital fissure - foramen Rotundum - foramen Ovale
59
What nerve supplies the majority of the straps muscles except the thyrohyoid muscle?
- Ansa cervicalis
60
Pancreatic blood supply. | What anastomosis is present?
- anastomosis between the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
61
Where are the adrenal glands located?
- retroperitoneum | - superior to the kidneys
62
What does the adrenal cortex release?
- glucocorticoids - mineralocorticoids - androgens
63
What does the adrenal medulla release?
- adrenaline | - noradrenaline
64
Blood supply to the adrenal glands?
- superior suprarenal arteries - middle suprarenal arteries - inferior suprarenal arteries
65
What nerve lies within the posterior triangle of the neck?
- Accessory nerve